Summary
Management of central nervous system (CNS) involvement is one of the most challenging problems in systemic lupus erythematosus. This article reviews the spectrum of CNS manifestations present in this disease, their diagnosis and pathogenesis, as well as an approach to their treatment and prognostic implications.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Hughes GRV (1980) Central nervous system lupus: diagnosis and treatment. J Rheumatol 7:405–411
Grigor R, Edmonds J, Lewkonia R, Bresnihan B, Hughes GRV (1978) Systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 37:121–128
Gibson T, Myers AR (1976) Nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 35:398–406
Feinglass EJ, Arnett FC, Dorsch CA, Zizic TM, Stevens MB (1976) Neuropsychiatric manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus: diagnosis, clinical spectrum and relationship to other features of the disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 55:323–339
Anciones B, Hernández Pérez MA, Valencia E, Pintado V, Medraño JC (1987) Manifestaciones neurológica en el lupus eritematoso sistémico. In: Anciones B (ed) Vasculitis y sistema nervioso. MCR, Barcelona, pp 111–131
Bluestein HG (1989) Lupus neuropsychiatric manifestations. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Singapore, 26–30 November, pp 93–96
Harris EN, Hughes GRV (1985) Cerebral disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Springer Semin Immunopathol 8:251–266
Tan EM, Cohen AS, Fries JF, Masi AT, Neshane DJ, Rothfield NF, Schaller JG, Talal N, Winchester RJ (1982) The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of SLE. Arthritis Rheum 25:1271–1277
Denburg JA, Denburg SD, Carbotte RM, Long AA, Hanly JG (1988) Nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. Isr J Med Sci 24:754–758
Johnson RT, Richardson EP (1968) The neurologic manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus: a clinical-pathological study of 24 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 47:337–369
Pinching AJ, Travers RL, Hughes GRV, Jones T, Moss S (1978) Oxygen-15 brain scanning for detection of cerebral involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet I:898–901
Reinitz E, Hubbard D, Zimmerman RD (1984) Central nervous system disease in systemic lupus erythematosus: axial tomographic scan as an aid to differential diagnosis. J Rheumatol 11:252–257
Vermes SM, Bernstein RM, Bydder GM, Steiner RE, Young IR, Hughes GRV (1983) Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging of the brain in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Comput Assist Tomogr 7:461–467
Bluestein HG, Williams GW, Steinberg AD (1981) Cerebrospinal fluid antibodies to neuronal cells: association with neuropsychiatric manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Med 70:240–246
Bresnihan B, Hohmeister R, Cutting J, Travers RL, Waldburger M, Black C, Jones T, Hughes GRV (1979) The neuropsychiatric disorder in systemic lupus erythematosus: evidence for both vascular and immune mechanisms. Ann Rheum Dis 38:301–306
Bresnihan B, Oliver M, Grigor R, Hughes GRV (1977) Brain reactivity of lymphocytotoxic antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus with and without cerebral involvement. Clin Exp Immunol 30:333–337
Bonfa E, Golombek SJ, Kaufman LD, Skelly S, Weissbach H, Brot N, Elkon KB (1987) Association between lupus psychosis and anti-ribosomal p protein antibodies. N Engl J Med 317:265–271
Hughes GRV (1983) Thrombosis, abortion, cerebral disease and the lupus anticoagulant. Br Med J 287:1088–1089
Harris EN, Gharavi AE, Asherson RA, Hughes GRV (1984) Cerebral infarction in systemic lupus: association with anticardiolipin antibodies. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2:47–51
Asherson RA, Khamashta MA, Gil A, Vazquez JJ, Chan O, Baguley E, Hughes GRV (1989) Cerebrovascular disease and antiphospholipid antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus, lupus-like disease, and the primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Am J Med 86:391–399
Levine SR, Welch KMA (1987) The spectrum of neurologic disease associated with antiphospholipid antibodies. Arch Neurol 44:876–883
Ellis SG, Verity MA (1979) Central nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus: a review of neuropathologic findings in 57 cases. 1957–1977. Semin Arthritis Rheum 8:212–221
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Khamashta, M.A., Cervera, R. & Hughes, G.R.V. The central nervous system in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatol Int 11, 117–119 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00304499
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00304499