Abstract
After a short discussion of the basic properties of black-hole physics, including the “no-hair” theorems, the hypothesis of the “cosmic censor” and the first and second law of black-hole dynamics, we proceed to the thermodynamics of black holes. The concepts of entropy and temperature of a black hole are explained and the generalized second law of black-hole dynamics is presented. We then discuss particle creation in the gravitational fields of black holes and their lifetime due to evaporation. After a digression on chaotic cosmology the possible formation of black holes in the early universe is treated. Finally we discuss the last violent stages of the evaporation process of black holes and possible observational tests. A few remarks on white holes — though a totally different phenomenon — are included at the end for the sake of clarity.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Oda, M., et al.: Astrophys. J. Lett. 166, L 1 (1971)
Reinhardt, M.: Naturwissenschaften 60, 532 (1973)
Ginsburg, W.L.: Über Physik und Astrophysik. Braunschweig: Vieweg 1977
Hawking, S.W.: Nature 248, 30 (1974)
Hawking, S.W.: Comm. Math. Phys. 43, 199 (1975)
Richard, J.P., in: General Relativity and Gravitation. Proc. Seventh Int. Conf. (GR7). New York: Wiley 1975
Braginsky, V.B., Manukin, A.B.: Measurement of Weak Forces in Physics Experiments. Chicago-London: Univ. of Chicago Press 1977
Braginsky, V.B., Caves, C.M., Thorne, K.S.: Phys. Rev. D 15, 2047 (1977)
Nordtvedt, K. Jr., in: Proc. first Marcel Grossmann Meeting on General Relativity (R. Ruffini, ed.). Amsterdam-New York: North-Holland 1977
Kinnersley, W., in: [6]
McIntosh, C.B.G.: Comm. Math. Phys. 37, 335 (1974)
Nayak, B.G., Tiwari, R.N.: J. Math. Phys. 18, 289 (1977)
Will, C.M., in: Experimental Gravitation, Proc. Course 56 of the Int. School of Physics “Enrico Fermi” (B. Bertotti, ed.). New York-London: Academic Press 1974
Reinhardt, M.: Naturwissenschaften 59, 7 (1972)
Oppenheimer, J.R., Volkoff, G.M.: Phys. Rev. 55, 374 (1939)
Oppenheimer, J.R., Snyder, H.: ibid. 56, 455 (1939)
Zel'dovich, Ya.B., Novikov, I.D.: Sov. Astron. 10, 602 (1967)
Hawking, S.W.: Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. 152, 75 (1971)
Jacobs, K.C., Seitzer, P.O.: Gen. Relat. Gravitat. 8, 7 (1977)
Podurets, M.A.: Sov. Astr. AJ 8, 868 (1965)
Ames, W.L., Thorne, K.S.: Astrophys. J. 151, 659 (1968)
De Laplace, P.S.: Exposition du systéme du Monde. Paris 1796
Hawking, S.W., Ellis, G.F.: The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time, Appendix A. Cambridge Univ. Press 1973
Heller, M., Reinhardt, M.: Z. Naturforsch. 31 a, 1271 (1976)
Kundt, W.: Springer Tracts Mod. Phys. 47, 111 (1968)
Penrose, R.: Riv. Nuovo Cim. 1, 252 (1969)
Christodoulou, D., Ruffini, R.: Phys. Rev. D4, 3552 (1971)
Piran, T., Shaham, J., Katz, J.: Astrophys. J. 196, L 107 (1975)
Piran, T., Shaham, J.: Phys. Rev. D16, 1615 (1977)
Ginzburg, V.L., Ozernoy, L.M.: Sov. Phys. J.E.T.P. 20, 689 (1965)
Doroshkevich, A.G., Zel'dovich, Ya.B., Novikov, I.D.: ibid. 22, 122 (1966)
Price, B.: Phys. Rev. D 5, 2419 (1972)
Hartle, J.B.: ibid. 3, 2938 (1971)
Thorne, K.S., in: Magic without Magic: John Archivald Wheeler (J. Klauder, ed.). San Francisco: Freeman 1972
Markov, M.A., in: Gravitational Radiation and Gravitational Collapse (DeWitt, C., ed.), IAU Symp. No. 64. Dordrecht: Reidel 1974
Markov, M.A.: Sov. Phys.-Usp. 16, 587 (1974)
Zel'dovich, Ya.B., Novikov, I.D.: Teoriya tyagoteniya i evolyutsiya zvezd. Moscow: Nauka 1971
Israel, W.: Phys. Rev. 164, 1776 (1967)
Israel, W.: Comm. Math. Phys. 8, 245 (1968)
Carter, B.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 26, 331 (1971)
Robinson, D.C.: ibid. 34, 905 (1975)
Carter, B., in: [9]
Zaumen, W.T.: Nature 247, 530 (1974)
Carter, B.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 33, 558 (1974)
Gibbons, G.W.: Comm. Math. Phys. 44, 245 (1975)
Müller zum Hagen, H., Seifert, H.-J., Yodiz, P.: ibid. 34, 135 (1973)
Tomimatsu, A., Sato, H.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 29, 1344 (1972)
Glass, E.N.: Phys. Rev. D 7, 3127 (1973)
Penrose, R., in: Confronation of Cosmological Theories with Observational Data (M.S. Longair, ed.), IAU Symp. No. 63. Dordrecht: Reidel 1974
Hawking, S.W.: Comm. Math. Phys. 25, 152 (1972)
Hawking, S.W.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 26, 1344 (1971)
Smarr, L.: Eighth Texas Symp. on Relativistic Astrophysics, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 302 (1977)
Bardeen, J.M., Carter, B., Hawking, S.W.: Comm. Math. Phys. 31, 161 (1973)
Kundt, W.: Nature 259, 30 (1976)
Landau, L.D., Lifschitz, E.M.: Lehrbuch der Theoretischen Physik, Bd. V, Statistische Physik. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag 1975
Markov, M.A., in: [35]
Hawking, S.W.: Phys. Rev. D 13, 191 (1976)
Rosenfeld, L.: Z. Physik 65, 589 (1930)
Isham, C.J., Penrose, R., Sciama, D.W.: Quantum Gravity, An Oxford Symposium. Oxford: Claredon Press 1975
Parker, L., in: Asymptotic Structure of Space-Time (Eposito, F.P., Witten, L., eds.). New York-London: Plenum Press 1977
Page, D.N.: Phys. Rev. D 13, 198 (1976)
Doroshekvich, A.G., Sunyaev, R.A., Zel'dovich, Ya.B., in: [49]
Misner, C.W.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 22, 1071 (1969)
Droshekevich, A.G., Lukash, V.N., Novikov, I.D.: Sov. Phys. J.E.T.P. 33, 651 (1971)
Belinskii, V.A., Khalatnikov, I.M., Lifschitz, E.M.: Adv. Phys. 19, 525 (1970)
Novikov, I.D., [49]
Belinsky, V.A., Lifschitz, E.M., Khalatnikov, I.M.: Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 62, 1606 (1972)
Lin, D.N.C., Carr, B.J., Fall, S.M.: Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. 177, 51 (1976)
Steigman, G., in: Cargèse Lectures in Physics, Vol. 6 (E. Schatzman, ed.). New York-London-Paris: Gordon and Breach 1973
Treder, H.J.: Philosophische Probleme des physikalischen Raumes. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag 1974
Zel'dovich, Ya.B., Novikov, I.D.: Sov. Astr. AJ 10, 602 (1967)
Carr, B.J., Hawking, S.W.: Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. 168, 399 (1974)
Page, D.N., Hawking, S.W.: Astrophys. J. 206, 1 (1976)
Carter, B., et al.: Astron. Astrophys. 52, 427 (1976)
Hagedorn, R., in: High Energy Astrophysics and its Relation to Elementary Particle Physics (Brecher, K., Setti, G., eds.). Cambridge, Mass.-London: MIT Press 1974
Carr, B.J.: Astrophys. J. 201, 19 (1975)
Gross, D., Wilczek, F.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 30, 1343 (1973)
Politzer, H.D.: ibid. 20, 1346 (1973)
Strong, B., Klebesadel, R.W., Evans, W.D.: Seventh Texas Symp. on Relativistic Astrophysics, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 262 (1975)
Belyaevskii, A.I., et al.: J.E.T.P. Lett. 21, 345 (1975)
Porter, N.A., Weekes, T.C.: Astrophys. J. 212, 224 (1977)
Rees, M.J.: Nature 266, 333 (1977)
Jelley, J.V., Baird, G.A., O'Mongain, E.: ibid. 267, 499 (1977)
Meikle, W.P.S.: ibid. 269, 41 (1977)
Gowdy, R.H.: J. Math. Phys. 18, 1798 (1977)
Treder, H.J.: Relativität und Kosmos. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag 1968
Ginsburg, V.L.: J.E.T.P. Lett. 22, 251 (1975)
Hawking, S.W.: Phys. Rev. D 13, 191 (1976)
Novikov, I.D.: Sov. Astron. AJ 8, 857 (1965)
Ne'eman, Y.: Astrophys. J. 141, 1303 (1965)
Novikov, I.D., Thorne, K.S., in: Black Holes (DeWitt, C., DeWitt, B.S., eds.). New York-London-Paris: Gordon and Breach 1973
Hawking, S.W.: Phys. Rev. D 14, 2460 (1976)
Eardley, D.M.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 33, 442 (1974)
Zel'dovich, Ya.B., Novikov, I.D., Starobinskii, A.A.: Sov. Phys. J.E.T.P. 39, 933 (1974)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lorenz, D., Reinhardt, M. Zum Verdampfen und anderen Eigenschaften Schwarzer Löcher. Naturwissenschaften 66, 390–402 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00368069
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00368069