Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Granulite facies amphibole and biotite equilibria, and calculated peak-metamorphic water activities

  • Published:
Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Samples located near the Oregon Dome anorthosite massif in the south-central Adirondack Mountains, New York contain the fluid-buffering mineral assemblages: amphibole + clinopyroxene + orthopyroxene + quartz or biotite + quartz + orthopyroxene + K-feldspar. These rocks were metamorphosed under granulite-facies conditions (T=725°–750°C, P=7.5 kbar) during the Grenville orogeny. The Mg-rich nature of amphiboles, micas, and pyroxenes allow accurate calculation of water activities because corrections for the effects of solid solution are relatively small. The activity of water was low during the peak of granulite-facies metamorphism, with αH2O≈0.15±0.14. Wollastonite occurrences indicate that the αCO2 was low (<0.3) in nearby rocks, demonstrating that large quantities of CO2 did not infiltrate in a pervasive manner. The combination of low αH2O with low αCO2 is consistent with the hypothesis that magmatic processes were dominant, generating dry, fluid-absent conditions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

fi :

Fugacity of species i in a fluid

Xi :

mole fraction of component i in a phase

T :

temperature

P :

lithostatic pressure

P F :

fluid pressure

α xi :

activity of component i phase X

References

  • Bailey SW (1975) Cation ordering and pseudosymmetry in layer silicates. Am Mineral 60:175–187

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharya A, Sen SK (1986) Granulite metamorphism, fluid buffering, and dehydration melting in the Madras Charnockites and Metapelites. J Petrol 27:1119–1141

    Google Scholar 

  • Birch F (1966) Compressibility: elastic constants. In: Clark SP (ed) Handbook of physical constants. Geol Soc Am Mem 97:97–174

  • Boettcher AL, Wyllie PJ (1968) Melting of granite with excess water to 30 kilobars pressure. J Geol 76:235–244

    Google Scholar 

  • Bohlen SR, Peacor DR, Essene EJ (1980) Crystal chemistry of a metamorphic biotite and its significance in water barometry. Am Mineral 65:55–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Bohlen SR, Beottcher AL, Wall VJ (1982) The system albite-H2O-CO2: a model for melting and activities of water at high pressures. Am Mineral 67:451–462

    Google Scholar 

  • Bohlen SR, Boettcher AL, Wall VJ, Clemens JD (1983) Stability of phlogopite-quartz and sanidine-quartz: a model for melting in the lower crust. Contrib Mineral Petrol 83:270–277

    Google Scholar 

  • Bohlen SR, Valley JW, Essene EJ (1985) Metamorphism in the Adirondacks. I. Petrology, pressure and temperature. J Petrol 267:971–992

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd FR (1959) Hydrothermal investigation of amphiboles. In: Abelson PH (ed) Research in geochemistry. Wiley, New York, pp 377–396

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown JS, Engel AEJ (1956) Revision of Grenville stratigraphy and structure in the Balmat-Edwards district, northwest Adirondacks, New York. Bull Geol Soc Am 64:1049–1097

    Google Scholar 

  • Burnham CW, Nekvasil H (1986) Equilibrium properties of granite pegmatite magmas. Am Mineral 71:239–263

    Google Scholar 

  • Cameron M, Sueno S, Prewitt CT, Papike JJ (1973) High-temperature crystal chemistry of acmite, diopside, hedenbergite, jadeite, spodumene, and ureyite. Am Mineral 58:594–618

    Google Scholar 

  • Cao R, Ross C, Ernst WG (1986) Experimental studies to 10 kb of the bulk composition tremolite50-tschermakite50+excess H2O. Contrib Mineral Petrol 93:160–167

    Google Scholar 

  • Clayton RN, Mayeda TK (1963) The use of bromine pentafluoride in the extraction of oxygen from oxides and silicates for isotopic analysis. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 27:43–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Clemens JD (1984) Water contents of silicic to intermediate magmas. Lithos 17:273–287

    Google Scholar 

  • Clemens JD, Circone S, Navrotsky A, McMillan PF, Smith BK, Wall VJ (1987) Phlogopite: High temperature solution calorimetry, thermodynamic properties, Al-Si and stacking disorder, and phase equilibria. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 51:2569–2578

    Google Scholar 

  • Condie KC, Allen P, Narayana BL (1982) Geochemistry of the Archean low to high-grade transition zone, Southern India. Contrib Mineral Petrol 81:157–167

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards RL, Essene EJ (1988) Pressure, temperature and C-O-H fluid fugacities across the amphibolite-granulite transition, NW Adirondack Mts, NY J Petrol 29:39–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Erhard LE (1986) Low activities of H2O at the amphibolite-granulite transition, Northwest Adirondacks: Evidence for Pre-Grenville melting and dehydration. MS Thesis, SUNY — Stony Brook, pp 60

  • Eugster HP, Wones DE (1962) Stability relations of the ferruginous biotite, annite. J Petrol 3:82–125

    Google Scholar 

  • French BM (1966) Some geologic implications of equilibrium between graphite and a C-O-H gas phase at high temperatures and pressure. Rev Geophys 4:223–253

    Google Scholar 

  • Friend CRL (1985) Evidence for fluid pathways through Archean crust and the generation of the Closepet Granite, Karnataka, south India. Precam Res 27:239–250

    Google Scholar 

  • Frost BR, Frost CD (1987) CO2, melts and granulite metamorphism. Nature 327:503–506

    Google Scholar 

  • Fyfe WS (1973) The granulite facies, partial melting and the Archean crust. Philos Trans R Soc Lond A 273:457–461

    Google Scholar 

  • Fyfe WS, Turner FJ, Verhoogen J (1958) Metamorphic reactions and metamorphic facies. Geol Soc Am Mem 73:259 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham CM, Navrotsky A (1986) Thermochemistry of the tremolite-edenite amphiboles using fluorine analogues, and applications to amphibole-plagioclase-quartz equilibria. Contrib Mineral Petrol 93:18–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenwood HJ (1967) Wollastonite: Stability in H2O-CO2 mixtures and occurrence in a contact aureole near Salmo, British Columbia, Canada. Am Mineral 52:1669–1680

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen EC, Newton RC, Janardhan AS (1984) Fluid inclusions in rocks from the amphibolite-facies gneiss to charnockite progression in southern Karnataka, India: Direct evidence concerning the fluids of granulite metamorphism. J Meta Geol 2:249–264

    Google Scholar 

  • Hazen RM, Finger LW (1980) Crystal structure of diopside at high temperature and pressure. Carnegie Inst Wash Yearbk 80:373–376

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoefs J (1987) Stable isotope geochemistry. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 241

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffer E, Grant JA (1980) Experimental investigation of the formation of cordierite-orthopyroxene parageneses in pelitic rocks. Contrib Mineral Petrol 73:15–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang W, Wyllie PJ (1975) Melting reactions in the system NaAl-Si3O8-KAlSi3O8-SiO2 to 35 kilobars, dry and with excess water. J Geol 83:737–748

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs GK, Kerrick DM (1981) Methane: an equation of state with application to the ternary system. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 45:607–614

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins DM (1987) Synthesis and characterization of tremolite in the system H2O-CaO-MgO-SiO2. Am Mineral 72:707–715

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerrick DM (1972) Experimental determination of muscovite+ quartz stability with PHO<Ptotal Am J Sci 272:946–958

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerrick DM, Darken LS (1975) Statistical thermodynamic models for ideal oxide and silicate solid solutions, with application to plagioclase. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 39:1431–1442

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerrick DM, Jacobs GK (1981) A modified Redlich-Kwong equation for H2O, CO2, and H2O-CO2 mixtures at elevated pressures and temperatures. Am J Sci 281:735–767

    Google Scholar 

  • Krupka KM, Hemingway BS, Robie RA, Kerrick DM (1985a) High-temperature heat capacities and derived thermodynamic properties of anthophyllite, diopside, dolomite, enstatite, bronzite, talc, tremolite, and wollastonite. Am Mineral 70:261–271

    Google Scholar 

  • Krupka KM, Robie RA, Hemingway BS, Kerrick DM (1985b) Low-temperature heat capacities and derived thermodynamic properties of anthophyllite, diopside, enstatite, bronzite, and wollastonite. Am Mineral 70:249–260

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb WM (1983) The fluid phase in the granulite facies: Evidence from the Adirondack Mountains, New York. MA Thesis, Rice Univ, pp 67

  • Lamb WM (1987) Metamorphic fluids and granulite genesis. PhD Thesis, Univ Wisconsin, pp 234

  • Lamb WM, Valley JW (1984) Metamorphism of reduced granulites in low-CO2 vapour-free environment. Nature 312:56–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb WM, Valley JM (1985) C-O-H fluid calculations and granulite genesis. In: Tobi AC, Touret JLR (eds) The Deep Proterozoic Crust of the North Atlantic Provinces. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp 119–131

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb WM, Valley JM, Brown PE (1987) Post-metamorphic CO2-rich fluid inclusions in granulites. Contrib Mineral Petrol 96:485–4195

    Google Scholar 

  • Levien L, Prewitt CT (1981) High-pressure structural study of diopside. Am Mineral 66:315–323

    Google Scholar 

  • Ludington SD, Munoz JL (1975) Applications of fluor-hydroxyl exchange data to natural micas. Geol Soc Am Abstr Prog 7:1179

    Google Scholar 

  • Luth WC, Jahns RH, Tuttle OF (1964) The granite system at pressures of 4 to 10 kilobars. J Geophys Res 69:759–773

    Google Scholar 

  • McLelland JM, Husain J (1986) Nature and timing of anatexis in the eastern and southern Adirondack Highlands. J Geol 94:17–25

    Google Scholar 

  • McLelland J, Isachsen Y (1980) Structural synthesis of the southern and central Adirondacks: A model for the Adirondacks as a whole and plate-tectonic interpretations. Bull Geol Soc Am Part I, 91:68–72, Part II, 91:208–292

    Google Scholar 

  • Merrill RB, Robertson JK, Wyllie PJ (1970) Melting reactions in the system NaAlSi3O8- KAlSi3O8-SiO2-H2O to 20 kilobars compared with results for other Feldspar-Quartz-H2O and rock H2O systems. J Geol 78:558–569

    Google Scholar 

  • Moine B, Sauvan P, Jarousse J (1981) Geochemistry of evaporitebearing series: A tentative guide for the identification of metaevaporites. Contrib Mineral Petrol 76:401–412

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison J (1988) Petrology and stable isotope geochemistry of the Marcy anorthosite massif, Adirondack Mts., NY. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ Wisconsin 194 p

  • Munoz JL, Ludington SD (1974) Fluoride-hydroxyl exchange in biotite. Am J Sci 276:502–524

    Google Scholar 

  • Newton RC (1986) Fluids of granulite facies metamorphism. In: Walther JV, Wood BJ (eds) Fluid-rock Interactions during metamorphism. Advances in physical geochemistry, Vol 5. Springer, New York Berlin Heidelberg, pp 36–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Newton RC, Smith JV, Windley BF (1980) Carbonic metamorphism, granulites and crustal growth. Nature 288:45–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Perkins D, Essene EJ, Wall VJ (1987) THERMO: A computer program for the calculation of mixed-volatile equilibria. Am Mineral 72:446–447

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips GN (1980) Water activity changes across an amphibolitegranulite facies transition, Broken Hill Australia. Contrib Mineral Petrol 75:377–386

    Google Scholar 

  • Pichavant M (1987) Effects of B and H2O on liquidus phase relations in the haplogranite system at 1 kbar. Am Mineral 72:1056–1070

    Google Scholar 

  • Piwinskii AJ (1968) Experimental studies of igneous rock series central Sierra Nevada Batholith, California. J Geol 76:548–570

    Google Scholar 

  • Powers RE, Bohlen SR (1985) The role of synmetamorphic igneous rocks in the metamorphism and partial melting of metasediments, Northwest Adirondacks. Contrib Mineral Petrol 90:401–409

    Google Scholar 

  • Robie RA, Hemingway BS, Fisher JR (1979) Thermodynamic properties of minerals and related substances at 298.15 K and 1 bar (105 pascals) pressure and at higher temperatures. USGS Bull 1452:1–456

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson GR, Haas JL, Schafer CM, Haselton HT (1983) Thermodynamic and thermophysical properties of selected phases in the MgO-SiO2-H2O-CO2, CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O-CO2, and Fe-FeO-Fe2O3-SiO2 chemical systems. US Geol Surv Open File Rep 83–79, pp 1–429

  • Rutherford MJ (1969) An experimental determination of iron biotite — alkali feldspar equilibria. J Petrol 10:381–408

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryzhenko BN, Volkov VP (1971) Fugacity coefficients of some gases in a broad range of temperatures and pressures. Geochim Int 8:468–481

    Google Scholar 

  • Seal TL (1986) Pre-Grenville dehydration metamorphism in the Adirondack Mountains, New York: Evidence for pelitic and semi-pelitic metasediments. M.S. Thesis SUNY-Stony Brook, pp 74

  • Sharma KC, Agarwal RD, Kapoor ML (1987) Determination of thermodynamic properties of (Fe, Mg)-pyroxenes at 1000 K by the emf method. Earth Planet Sci Letters 85:302–310

    Google Scholar 

  • Skinner BJ (1966) Thermal expansion. In: Clark SP (ed) Handbook of Physical Constants. Geol Soc Am Mem 97:75–96

  • Skippen GB (1971) Experimental data for reactions in siliceous marbles. J Geol 70:457–481

    Google Scholar 

  • Skippen GB, McKinstry BW (1985) Synthetic and natural tremolite in equilibrium with forsterite, enstatite, diopside and fluid. Contrib Mineral Petrol 89:256–262

    Google Scholar 

  • Solberg TN (1982) Fluorine electron microprobe analysis: Variations of X-ray peak shape. In: Heinrick KFJ (ed) Microbeam analysis. San Francisco Press, San Francisco, pp 148–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Stull DR, Prophet H (1971) JANAF thermochemical tables, NSRDS-NBS 37:1–1141

    Google Scholar 

  • Sueno S, Cameron M, Papike JJ, Prewitt CT (1973) The high temperature crystal chemistry of tremolite. Am Mineral 58:649–664

    Google Scholar 

  • Takeda H, Morosin B (1975) Comparison of observed and predicted structural parameters of mica at high temperature. Acta Crystallogr B31:2444–2452

    Google Scholar 

  • Touret JLR (1985) Fluid regime in southern Norway: The record of fluid inclusions. In: Tobi AC, Touret JLR (eds) The deep Proterozoic Crust in the North Atlantic Provinces. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp 517–549

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuttle OF, Bowen NL (1958) Origin of granite in the light of experimental studies in the system NaAlSi3O8-SiO2-H2O. Geol Soc Am Mem 74:153 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Valley JW (1985) Polymetamorphism in the Adirondacks: Wollastonite at contacts of shallowly intruded anorthosite. In: Tobi AC, Touret JLR (eds) The deep Proterozoic Crust in the North Atlantic Provinces. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp 217–236

    Google Scholar 

  • Valley JW, Essene EJ (1980) Calc-silicate reactions in Adirondack marbles: The role of fluids and solid solutions. Bull Geol Soc Am, Part I 91:114–117, Part II 91:720–815

    Google Scholar 

  • Valley JW, O'Neil JR (1984) Fluid heterogeneity during granulite facies metamorphism in the Adirondacks: Stable isotope evidence. Contrib Mineral Petrol 85:158–173

    Google Scholar 

  • Valley JW, Petersen EU, Essene EJ, Bowman JR (1982) Fluorphlogopite and fluortremolite in Adirondack marbles and calculated C-O-H-F fluid compositions. Am Mineral 67:545–557

    Google Scholar 

  • Valley JW, McLelland J, Essene EJ, Lamb WM (1983) Metamorphic fluids in the deep crust: evidence from the Adirondacks. Nature 301:226–228

    Google Scholar 

  • Wall VJ, Essene EJ (1972) Subsolidus equilibria in CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O. Geol Soc Am Abstr Prog 4:700

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiener RW, McLelland JM, Isachsen YW, Hall LM (1984) Stratigraphy and structural geology of the Adirondack Mountains, New York: Review and synthesis. Geol Soc Am Special Pap 194:1–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Whelan JF, Rye RO, DeLorraine W (1984) The Balmat-Edwards zinc-lead deposits — Synsedimentary ore from Mississippi valley-type fluids. Econ Geol 79:239–265

    Google Scholar 

  • Wones DR, Dodge FCW (1977) The stability of phlogopite in the presence of quartz. In: Fraser DG (ed) Thermodynamics in geology. Reidel, Boston, pp 229–248

    Google Scholar 

  • Wones DR, Eugster HP (1965) Stability of biotite: Experiment, theory, and application. Am Mineral 50:1228–1272

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood BJ, Banno S (1973) Garnet-orthopyroxene and orthopyroxene-clinopyroxene relationships in simple and complex systems. Contrib Mineral Petrol 42:109–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Wyllie PJ (1977) Crystal anatexis: An experimental review. Tectonophysics 43:41–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Yin AY, Greenwood HJ (1983) Displacement of equilibria of OH-Tremolite and F-Tremolite solid solution. I. Determination of the equilibrium P-T curve of OH-Tremolite. Eos 64:347

    Google Scholar 

  • Ziegenbein D, Johannes W (1974) Wollastonitbildung aus Quarz und Calcit bei Pf=2, 4 und 6 kb. Fortsch Mineral 52:77–79

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology, Texas A & M University, College Station, 77843, TX, USA

    Wimam M. Lamb

  2. Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wisconsin, 53706, Madison, WI, USA

    John W. Valley

Authors
  1. Wimam M. Lamb
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. John W. Valley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Lamb, W.M., Valley, J.W. Granulite facies amphibole and biotite equilibria, and calculated peak-metamorphic water activities. Contr. Mineral. and Petrol. 100, 349–360 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00379744

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00379744

Keywords

Search

Navigation