Abstract
A model food chain, utilizing 65Zn-labeled and nonlabeled food organisms, was used to measure the relative contributions of food and water to Zn accumulation by Gambusia affinis and Leiostomus xanthurus. Chlamydomonas sp. was fed to Artemia sp. which in turn was fed to G. affinis and L. xanthurus. A trace metal-chelate buffer system was used to maintain a stable free Zn ion activity (10-8.5 mol l-1) in the experimental seawater. Food represented 78 to 82% of total accumulation of 65Zn by the fish. Thus, food cannot be ignored in assessing the accumulation and toxicity of trace metals.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Literature cited
Anderson, M. A., F. M. M. Morel and R. R. L. Guillard: Growth limitation of a coastal diatom by low zinc ion activity. Nature, Lond. 276, 70–71 (1978)
Bachurin, A. A.: Mathematical description of the dynamics of the exchange of radionuclides between marine organisms and the water. Oceanology 10, 497–507 (1970) (Translation of Okeanologiya)
Baptist, J. P. and C. W. Lewis: Transfer of 65Zn and 51Cr through an estuarine food chain. In: Proceedings of the 2nd national symposium on radioecology, Ann Arbor, Mich., pp 420–430. Ed. by D. J. Nelson and F. C. Evans. Oak Ridge, Tenn.: U.S. Atomic Energy Commission 1969 (CONF-670503) 1969
Cross, F. A. and J. H. Brooks: Concentrations of manganese, iron, and zinc in juveniles of five estuarine dependent fishes. In: Proceedings of the 3rd national symposium on radioecology, Oak Ridge, Tenn., pp 769–775 Ed. by D. J. Nelson. Oak Ridge: U.S. Atomic Energy Commission 1973
Cross, F. A., J. N. Willis, L. H. Hardy, N. Y. Jones and J. M. Lewis: Role of juvenile fish in cycling of Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn in a coastal-plain estuary. In: Estuarine research, Vol. 1, pp 45–65. Ed. by L. E. Cronin New York: Academic Press 1975
Duinker, J. C. and C. J. M. Kramer: An experimental study on the speciation of dissolved zinc, cadmium, lead and copper in River Rhine and North Sea water, by differential pulsed anodic-stripping voltammetry. Mar. Chem. 5, 207–228 (1977)
Evans, D. W.: Exchange of manganese, iron, copper, and zinc between dissolved and particulate forms in the Newport River estuary, North Carolina, 218 pp. Ph. D. thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis 1977
Guillard, R. R. L. and J. H. Ryther: Studies on marine planktonic diatoms. I. Cyclotella nana Hustedt and Detonula confervacea (Cleve) Gran. Can. J. Microbiol. 8, 229–238 (1962)
Hess, C. T., C. W. Smith and A. H. Price: Model for the accumulation of radionuclides in oysters and sediments. Nature, Lond. 258, 225–276 (1975)
Hoss, D. E.: Accumulation of zinc-65 by flounder of the genus Paralichthys. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 93, 364–368 (1964)
Huntsman, S. A. and W. G. Sunda: The role of trace metals in regulating phytoplankton growth. In: The physiological ecology of phytoplankton, pp 285–328. Edited by I. Morris. Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications 1981
Luoma, S.: Transport of trace elements from particulates to biota. In: Proceedings of a pollutant transfer by particulates workshop, pp 225–272. Ed. by L. W. Kimrey and R. E. Burns Seattle: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1982
Mandelli, E. F.: The inhibitory effects of copper on marine phytoplankton. Contrib. mar. Sci. 14, 47–57 (1969)
Martell, A. E. and R. M. Smith: Critical stability constants, Vol. 1, Amino acids. New York: Plenum Press 1974
Pentreath, R. J.: The roles of food and water in the accumulation of radionuclides by marine teleost and elasmobranch fish. In: Radioactive contamination of the marine environment, pp 421–436. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency 1973
Renfro, W. C., S. W. Fowler, M. Heyrand and J. Larosa: Relative importance of food and water in long-term zinc-65 accumulation by marine biota. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 32, 1339–1345 (1975)
Sick, L. V.: Nutritional effect of five species of marine algae on the growth, development, and survival of the brine shrimp Artemia salina. Mar. Biol. 35, 69–78 (1976)
Sunda, W. G.: Relationship between cupric ion activity and toxicity of copper to phytoplankton, 168 pp. Ph. D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 1975
Sunda, W. G., D. W., Engel and R. M. Thuotte: Effect of chemical speciation on toxicity of cadmium to grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio: importance of free cadmium ion. Envir. Sci. Technol. 12, 409–413 (1978)
Sunda, W. G. and P. A. Gillespie: The response of a marine bacterium to cupric ion and its use to estimate cupric ion activity in seawater. J. mar. Res. 37, 761–777 (1979)
Sunda, W. G. and R. R. L. Guillard: The relationship between cupric ion activity and the toxicity of copper to phytoplankton. J. mar. Res. 34, 511–529 (1976)
Turner, D. R., M. Whitfield and A. G. Dickson: Equilibrium speciation of dissolved components in freshwater and seawater at 25°C and 1 atm pressure. Geochim. cosmochim. Acta. 45, 855–881 (1981)
Willis, J. N.: Determination of Zn in seawater by atomic absorption spectrophotometry using the sampling boat technique. In: Annual report to the Atomic Energy Commission by the staff of the Ecology Division of the Atlantic Estuarine Fisheries Center. Beaufort, N.C. 1972
Willis, J. N. and N. Y. Jones: The use of labeling with zinc-65 to measure stable zinc turnover in the mosquito fish, Gambusia affinis-I. Retention. Health Phys. 32, 381–387 (1977)
Wolfe, D. A.: The cycling of zinc in the Newport River estuary, North Carolina. In: Pollution and physiology of marine organisms, pp 79–99. Ed. by F. J. Vernberg and W. B. Vernberg. New York: Academic Press 1974
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Communicated by J. M. Lawrence, Tampa
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Willis, J.N., Sunda, W.G. Relative contributions of food and water in the accumulation of zinc by two species of marine fish. Mar. Biol. 80, 273–279 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00392822
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00392822