Abstract
Electrolytic deposition processes from molten salt baths, i.e. metalliding and electroplating, for coating metal or alloy substrates are described. An outline of the general experimental techniques employed in molten salts and the influence of various factors such as impurities, cation valency, nature of the solvent, stability of complex ions, temperature, current density, kinetics, and additives, on the electrolytic processes are discussed. A review of the current status of electrodeposited coatings from molten salts, with special reference to diffusion coatings on metal and alloy surfaces, is presented. The available physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of the coatings thus formed and their applications are summarized. Some suggestions are made to show the directions in which further research in this field is necessary.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
N. C. Cook,Sci. Amer. 221 (1969) 38.
M. H. Hansen, ‘Constitution of binary alloys’, McGraw-Hill, New York (1958).
R. P. Elliott, ‘Constitution of binary alloys’, Supplement, McGraw-Hill, New York (1965).
K. Matiasovsky, Z. Lubyova and V. Danek,Electrodepos. Surface Treat. 1 (1972) 43.
G. W. Mellors and S. Senderoff,J. Electrochem. Soc. 112 (1965) 266.
S. Senderoff, in ‘Modern electroplating’ (edited by F. A. Lowen-Heim) John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York (1974) pp. 473–85.
J. Wurm,European Conference ‘Development of Molten Salts Applications’, Geneva, Battelle (1973) pp. 62–9.
M. A. Steinberg and R. G. McAllen, Canadian Patent 563 495 (1958).
M. E. Sibert and J. T. Burwell, Canadian Patent 554 772 (1958).
Horizons Inc., British Patent 788 804, 1958;Chem. Abstr. 52 (1958) 8801.
American Electro-Metal Corp., British Patent 659 927 (1951).
N. C. Cook, presented atNATO Advanced Study Institute Conference ‘The Science and Technology of Surface Coatings’, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London (1972).
N. C. Cook,Proceedings of International Conference ‘Protection Against Corrosion by Metal Finishing’ Basel, (1966) 151.
J. C. Withers, J. E. Perry and B. A. Fosnocht, in ‘Techniques of metals research’, Vol. VII, (edited by R. F. Burnshah), Interscience, New York (1972) pp. 203–27.
C. A. Hampel (Ed.), ‘The encyclopedia of electrochemistry’, Reinhold, New York (1964).
S. Senderoff and G. W. Mellors,Science 153 (1966) 1475.
S. Senderoff,Metall. Revs. 11 (1966) 97.
D. Inman and R. Spencer, in ‘Advances in extractive metallurgy and refining’ (edited by M. J. Jones) London, IMM (1972) pp. 413–24.
J. C. L. Legey,Metal ABM 32 (1976) 41.
S. P. Antonov, L. E. Ivanovskii and O. S. Petenev,Prot. Met. 9 (1973) 500.
D. Inman and S. H. White,International Symposium ‘Molten Salt Electrolysis in Metal Production’, Grenoble, IMM (1977) pp. 51–61.
D. Inman,European Conference on Development of Molten Salts Applications, Geneva, Battelle (1973) pp. 58–61.
F. R. Collins,Iron Age 169 (1952) 100.
E. J. Smith and M. G. Vucich, US Patent 3007 854 (1961).
R. C. Howie and D. W. MacMillan,J. Appl. Electrochem. 2 (1972) 217.
B. Nayak and M. M. Misra,J. Appl. Electrochem. 7 (1977) 45.
G. W. Mellors and S. Senderoff,Plating 51 (1964) 972.
A. D. Graves and D. Inman,Electroplating Metal Finish. 19 (1966) 314.
A. Weser,Electroplating Metal Finish.29 (1976) 6.
Plat. Met. Rev. 19 (1975) 15.
R. J. Fabian,Materials and Methods 45 (1957) 121.
Yu. V. Baymakov,Russ. Met. (1970) 66.
G. J. Hills, D. J. Schiffrin and J. Thompson,Electrochim. Acta 19 (1974) 657.
C. Decroly, C. Mukhtar and R. Winand,J. Electrochem. Soc. 115 (1968) 905.
Yu. V. Baymakov and N. V. Polyakov, ‘Physical chemistry of fused salts’ (in Russian). Metallurgiya, Moscow (1965) p. 262.
H. Gerischer,Proceedings International Conference on Protection Against Corrosion by Metal Finishing, Basel (1966) pp. 11–23.
H. Fischer,Proceedings International Conference on Protection Against Corrosion by Metal Finishing, Basel (1966) pp. 24–38.
N. Ibl,Proceedings International Conference on Protection Against Corrosion by Metal Finishing, Basel (1966) pp. 48–61.
R. S. Sethi, unpublished work.
D. Inman, R. S. Sethi and R. Spencer,J. Electroanalyt. Chem. 29 (1971) 137.
A. D. Graves, G. J. Hills and D. Inman,Adv. Electrochem. Engng. 4 (1966) 117.
A. D. Graves and D. Inman, in ‘Electromotive force measurements in high temperature systems’, (edited by C. B. Alcock) IMM, London (1968) pp. 183–97.
G. Mamantov, in ‘Molten salts characterization and analysis’, (edited by G. Mamantov) Dekker, New York (1969) pp. 529–61.
Yu. V. Baymakov and M. M. Vetyukov, ‘Electrolysis of molten salts’ (in Russian). Metallurgiya, Moscow (1966).
A. N. Baraboshkin, ‘Physical chemistry and electrochemistry of fused salts and slags’ (in Russian) Khimiya, Leningrad (1968) p. 185.
Yu. V. Baymakov and I. V. Tomskikh, ‘Physical chemistry and electrochemistry of fused salts and slags’ (in Russian). Khimiya, Leningrad (1968) p. 52.
M. Galopin and J. S. Daniel,Electrodepos. Surface Treat. 3 (1975) 1.
R. S. Sethi and M. J. P. McBurney, unpublished work.
G. J. Hills, D. J. Schiffrin and J. Thompson,Electrochem. Soc. 120 (1973) 157.
G. W. Mellors and S. Senderoff,University of Pittsburgh Conference on Applications of Fundamental Thermodynamics to Metallurgical Processes, (edited by G. R. Fitterer) Gordon Brench, New York (1967) pp. 81–103.
H. C. Gaur and R. S. Sethi,Indian J. Chem. 5 (1967) 485.
C. E. Bamberger, ‘Experimental techniques in molten fluoride chemistry’ (edited by J. Braunstein, G. Mamantov and G. P. Smith) Plenum Press, New York, Vol. 3 (1975) pp. 177–248.
H. C. Gaur, H. L. Jindal and R. S. Sethi,Electrochim. Acta 15 (1970) 845.
H. C. Gaur and R. S. Sethi,J. Electroanalyt. Chem. 7 (1964) 474.
J. P. Pemsleret al., ‘Molten salts’. The Electrochemical Society, Princeton, New Jersey (1976).
H. A. Laitinen, W. S. Ferguson and R. A. Osteryoung,J. Electrochem. Soc. 104 (1957) 516.
N. C. Cook, US Patents 3024 175 (Be); 3024 176 (B); 3489 537 (Al); 3514 272 (V).
D. W. Townsend, in ‘Molten salts’ (edited by J. P. Pemsleret al.) The Electrochemical Society, Princeton, New Jersey (1976) pp. 388–99.
R. K. Jainet al., J. Electroanalyt. Chem. 78 (1977) 1.
R. K. Jain, H. C. Gaur and B. J. Welch,J. Electroanalyt. Chem. 79 (1977) 211.
P. Delahay, ‘New instrumental methods in electrochemistry’, Interscience, New York (1954).
J. Albery, ‘Electrode kinetics’ Clarendon Press, Oxford (1975).
G. W. Mellors and S. Senderoff,J. Electrochem. Soc. 113 (1966) 60.
N. Godshall,J. Electrochem. Soc. 123 (1976) 137 C.
N. S. Greyver, N. P. Sazhin and I. A. Strigin, ‘Fundamentals of metallurgy: rare metals’, Metallurgia (1967).
S. M. Selis,J. Phys. Chem. 72 (1968) 1442.
A. D. Graves and D. Inman,J. Electroanalyt. Chem. 25 (1970) 357.
G. W. Mellors and S. Senderoff,J. Electrochem. Soc. 112 (1965) 840.
S. Senderoff and G. W. Mellors,J. Electrochem. Soc. 113 (1966) 66.
S. Senderoff and G. W. Mellors,J. Electrochem. Soc. 114 (1967) 586.
T. B. Reddy,Electrochem. Technol 1 (1963) 325.
D. Inman, A. D. Graves and R. S. Sethi,Electrochemistry 1 (1970) 166.
D. Inman, A. D. Graves and A. A. Nobile,Electrochemistry 2 (1972) 61.
D. Inmanet al., Electrochemistry 4 (1974) 78.
D. Inman and S. H. White,Ann. Rep. Progr. Chem. 62 (1966) 106.
J. Braunstein, G. Mamantov and G. P. Smith (Eds.), ‘Advances in molten salt chemistry’, Plenum Press, New York, Vol. 1 (1972), Vol. 2 (1973), Vol. 3 (1975).
Yu. K. Delimarskiiet al., ‘Electrolytic tin plating from salt metals’. Naukova Dumka, Kiev (1967).
I. F. Danzig, R. M. Dempsey and A. B. La Conti,Corrosion —NACE 27 (1971) 55.
A. R. Stetson,Mat. Design Eng. 57 (1963) 81.
A. R. Stetson, US Patent 3024 174 (1962).
H. C. Brookeset al., Trans. Inst. Metal Finish. 54 (1976) 191.
V. Danek and K. Matiasovsky,Surf. Technol. 5 (1977) 65.
P. J. Bowles and P. C. Newdick,Electroplating Metal Finish. 24 (1971) 6.
A. Bonomi, H. Giess and C. Gentaz,Electrodepos. Surface Treat. 1 (1973) 419.
P. Fellner and K. Matiasovsky,Electrodepos. Surface Treat. 3 (1975) 235.
N. Petrescuet al., Rev. Roumaine Chim. 18 (1973) 1853.
E. J. Frazer, K. E. Anthony and B. J. Welch,Electrodepos. Surface Treat. 3 (1975) 169.
G. Lehnert and H. W. Meinhardt,Electrodepos. Surface Treat. 1 (1972) 189.
Z. Lubyovaet al., Surf. Technol. 5 (1977) 479.
S. Senderoff and G. W. Mellors,J. Electrochem. Soc. 114 (1967) 556.
G. W. Mellors and S. Senderoff,J. Electrochem Soc. 118 (1971) 220.
G. W. Mellors and S. Senderoff,J. Electrochem. Soc. 112 (1965) 642.
G. W. Mellors and S. Senderoff, British Patent 1007 930 (1963).
G. W. Mellors and S. Senderoff, Canadian Patent 688 546 (1963).
G. W. Mellors and S. Senderoff, US Patent 3398 068 (1968).
G. W. Mellors and S. Senderoff, US Patent 3444 058 (1969).
S. Senderoff and A. Brenner,J. Electrochem. Soc. 101 (1954) 16.
D. Inman, J. C. Legey and R. Spencer,J. Electroanalyt. Chem. 61 (1975) 289.
D. Inman,Chem. Ind. 9 (1975) 385.
S. Tokumoto, E. Tanaka and K. Ogisu,J. Met. 27 (1975) 18.
S. Tokumoto and E. Tanaka, US Patent 3662 047.
C. W. Balke,Ind. Engng. Chem. 27 (1935) 1166.
B. H. Eckstein and R. F. Ashton, Canadian Patent 742 190 (1966).
G. L. Davis and C. H. R. Gentry,Metall. 53 (1956) 3.
V. S. Balikhin and V. A. Pavlovskii,Tsvet. Metally 3 (1975) 76.
D. Schlain, F. X. McCawley and G. R. Smith, ‘Electrodeposition of titanium diboride coating’. Rep. Invest. No. 8140, US Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines, Washington DC, 20 240 (1976) 1–22.
D. Schlain, F. X. McCawley and C. Wyche,J. Electrochem. Soc. 116 (1969) 1227.
W. Gullett and F. X. McCawley, US Patent 2933 439 (1960).
L. V. Godulyanet al., Zashch Met. 12 (1976) 476.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
This review was reproduced from the Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in Surface Coatings Technology, published by the Welding Institute.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sethi, R.S. Electrocoating from molten salts. J Appl Electrochem 9, 411–426 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00617552
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00617552