Abstract
The acoustic emission (AE) technique has been applied to identify scale cracking during thermal cycling of tubes of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel. The scale morphology and failure mode were investigated by light and electron optical methods. The scale formed at 600°C in water vapor consists of an outer magnetite and an inner, chromium-containing spinel layer. Cooling leads to tensile stresses in the scale that cause macro and microcrack formation in the scale. At constant-cycle parameters, a characteristic set of crack length and crack density is established. Changes in the cycle parameters also change the crack length and crack density. The experimental results can be described by a model developed by Hasselmann assuming a large number of noninteracting microcracks in a ceramic plate.
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Christl, W., Rahmel, A. & Schütze, M. Behavior of oxide scales on 2.25Cr-1Mo steel during thermal cycling. II. Scales grown in water vapor. Oxid Met 31, 35–69 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00665486
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00665486