Summary
-
1.
The concentrations of glycolytic and Krebs cycle intermediates, α-glycerophosphate, the adenylates, and free amino acids were determined in the mantle muscle of the squid,Loligo pealeii, at rest and after 10 s of vigorous swimming.
-
2.
Exercise resulted in significant increases in the levels of glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-1,6-diphosphate, and pyruvate. Phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase were identified as control points of glycolysis. In the Krebs cycle, changes in the levels of isocitrate and α-ketoglutarate suggested a facilitation of the isocitrate dehydrogenase reaction.
-
3.
The products of anaerobic metabolism in mantle muscle, in particular α-glycerophosphate and octopine, did not accumulate during exercise indicating the aerobic nature of “burst” swimming in these animals.
-
4.
Exercise resulted in a drop in muscle proline concentrations of approximately 2 μmol/g wet wt. which was accompanied by an almost stoichiometric increase in alanine levels.
-
5.
The changes in adenylate concentrations with exercise were dramatic: ATP fell to 39% of the value in resting muscle while ADP and AMP rose 3- and 6-fold, respectively. Arginine phosphate concentrations fell from 10 μmol/g wet wt. in resting to 1 μmol/g wet wt. in exercised muscle.
-
6.
Muscular work in this squid appears to be accompanied by an activation of aerobic carbohydrate metabolism, the α-glycerophosphate cycle functioning to maintain cytoplasmic redox balance. During metabolic activation, the carbon skeleton of proline may be used to augment the pool size of Krebs cycle intermediates. The observed changes in arginine phosphate and AMP levels could be key in the activation of the reactions of glycolysis.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Beis, I., Newsholme, E.A.: The contents of adenine nucleotides, phosphagens, and some glycolytic intermediates in resting muscles from vertebrates and invertebrates. Biochem. J.152, 23–32 (1975)
Bursell, E.: The conversion of glutamate to alanine in the tsetse fly (Glossina morsitans). Comp. Biochem. Physiol.23, 825–829 (1967)
Chance, B., Weber, A.: The steady state of cytochrome B during rest and after contraction in frog sartorius. J. Physiol.169, 263–277 (1963)
Drummond, G.I.: Muscle metabolism. Fortschr. Zool.19, 359–429 (1966)
Edington, D.W., Ward, G.R., Saville, W.A.: Energy metabolism in working muscle: concentration profiles of selected metabolites. Amer. J. Physiol.224, 1375–1380 (1973)
Fields, J., Baldwin, J., Hochachka, P.W.: On the role of octopine dehydrogenase in cephalopod mantle muscle metabolism. Canad. J. Zool.54, 871–878 (1976)
Florkin, M.: Nitrogen metabolism. In: Physiology of the mollusca, Vol. II, Ch. 10 (ed. K.M. Wilbur, C.M. Yonge). New York: Academic Press 1966
Ghiretti, F.: Respiration. In: Physiology of the mollusca, Vol. II (eds. K.M. Wilbur, C.M. Yonge), pp. 175–208. New York: Academic Press 1966
Goudsmit, E.M.: Carbohydrates and carbohydrate metabolism in mollusca. Chem. Zool.7, 219–243 (1972)
Grieshaber, M., Gäde, G.: The biological role of octopine in the squid,Loligo vulgaris. J. comp. Physiol.108, 225–232 (1976)
Hansford, R.G.: The control of tricarboxylate cycle oxidations in blowfly flight muscle. Biochem. J.142, 509–519 (1974)
Hochachka, P.W., Fields, J.H.A., Mustafa, T.: Animal life without oxygen: Basic biochemical mechanisms. Science178, 1056–1060 (1973)
Hochachka, P.W., Moon, T.W., Mustafa, T., Storey, K.B.: Metabolic sources of power for mantle muscle of a fast swimming squid. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.52B, 151–158 (1975)
Hochachka, P.W., Somero, G.N.: Strategies biochemical adaptation, pp. 67–75. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co. 1973
Jobsis, F.: Spectrophotometric studies on intact muscle. J. gen. Physiol.46, 929–937 (1963)
Johnson, R.N., Hansford, R.G.: The control of tricarboxylate cycle oxidations in blowfly flight muscle: the steady state concentrations of citrate, isocitrate, 2-oxo-glutarate, and malate in flight muscle and isolated mitochondria. Biochem. J.146, 527–535 (1975)
LaNoue, K.F., Bryla, J., Williamson, J.R.: Feedback interactions in the control of citric acid cycle activity in rat heart mitochondria. J. biol. Chem.247, 667–679 (1972)
Lowry, O.H., Passonneau, J.V.: A flexible system of enzymic analysis, pp. 146–218. New York: Academic Press 1972
Madin, K., Crowe, J.H.: Anhydrobiosis in nematodes; carbohydrate and lipid metabolism during dehydration. J. exp. Zool.193, 335–342 (1975)
Moon, T.W., Hulbert, W.C.: The ultrastructure of the mantle musculature of the squid,Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis. Comp. Biochem. Physiol,52B, 145–149 (1975)
Neeley, J.R., Rovetto, M.J., Whitmer, J.T., Morgan, H.E.: Effects of ischemia on function and metabolism of the isolated working rat heart. Amer. J. Physiol.225, 651–659 (1973)
Piras, R., Staneloni, R.: In vivo regulation of rat muscle glycogen synthetase activity. Biochemistry8, 2153–2160 (1969)
Randle, P.J., England, P.J., Denton, R.M.: Control of the tricarboxylate cycle and its interactions with glycolysis during acetate utilization in rat heart. Biochem. J.117, 667–695 (1970)
Redfield, A., Goodkind, R.: The significance of the Bohr effect in the respiration and asphyxiation of the squid,Loligo pealeii. Brit. J. exp. Biol.6, 340–349 (1929)
Robertson, J.D.: Studies on the chemical composition of muscle tissue. III. The mantel muscle of cephalopod molluscs. J. exp. Biol.42, 153–175 (1965)
Rowan, A.: Control of metabolism in locust flight muscle. D. Phil. Thesis, Oxford University (1975)
Ruderman, N.B., Berger, M.: The formation of glutamine and alanine in skeletal muscle. J. biol. Chem.249, 5500–5506 (1974)
Sacktor, B.: Regulation of intermediary metabolism with special references to control mechanisms in insect flight muscle. Advanc. Insect Physiol7, 267–347 (1970)
Sacktor, B., Hurlbert, E.C.: Regulation of metabolism in working muscle in vivo. II. Concentrations of adenine nucleotides, arginine phosphate, and inorganic phosphate in insect flight muscle during flight. J. biol. Chem.241, 632–634 (1966)
Sacktor, B., Wormser-Shavit, E.: Regulation of metabolism in working muscle in vivo. I. Concentrations of some glycolytic, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and amino acid intermediates in insect flight muscle during flight. J. biol. Chem.241, 624–631 (1966)
Safer, B., Williamson, J.R.: Mitochondrial-cytosolic interactions in perfused rat heart. J. biol. Chem.248, 2570–2579 (1973)
Snedecor, G.W., Cochran, W.G.: Statistical methods, 6th ed. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press 1967
Storey, K.B.: Purification and properties of squid mantle muscle adenylate kinase J. biol. Chem.251, 7810–7815 (1976)
Storey, K.B.: Purification and characterization of arginine kinase from the mantle muscle of the squid. Arch. Biochem. Biophys.179, 518–526 (1977)
Storey, K.B., Hochachka, P.W.: Redox regulation of muscle phosphofructokinase in a fast swimming squid. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.52B, 159–164 (1975a)
Storey, K.B., Hochachka, P.W.: Alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase: its role in the control of the cytoplasmic arm of the alpha-glycerophosphate cycle in squid muscle. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.52B, 169–174 (1975b)
Storey, K.B., Hochachka P.W.: Squid muscle pyruvate kinase: control properties in a tissue with an active alpha-GP cycle. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.52B, 187–192 (1975c)
Storey, K.B., Hochachka, P.W.: Squid muscle glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase: control of the enzyme in a tissue with an active alpha-GP cycle. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.52B, 179–182 (1975d)
Veech, R.L., Guynn, R. Veloso, D.: The time course of the effects of ethanol on the redox and phosphorylation state of rat liver. Biochem. J.127, 387–397 (1972)
Williamson, J.R.: Glycolytic control mechanisms. II. Kinetics of intermediate changes during the aerobic-anoxic transition in perfused rat heart. J. biol. Chem.241, 5026–5036 (1966)
Williamson, J.R.: General features of metabolic control as applied to the erythrocyte. Advanc. biol. Med.6, 117–136 (1970)
Williamson, J.R., Corkey, B.E.: Assays of intermediates of the citric acid cycle and related compounds by fluorometric enzyme methods. In: Methods in enzymology, Vol. 13 (ed. J. Lowenstein), pp. 434–513. New York: Academic Press 1969
Young, R.E.: A brief review of the biology of oceanic squid,Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.52B, 141–144 (1975)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Storey, K.B., Storey, J.M. Energy metabolism in the mantle muscle of the squid,Loligo pealeii . J Comp Physiol B 123, 169–175 (1978). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00687846
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00687846