Abstract
Since a homogeneous isotropic universe can be embedded in a flat space of five dimensions, the question is considered under what conditions a more general universe can be embedded in a five-dimensional flat space. On the assumption that the deviation from homogeneity is small, it is found that real inhomogeneities can occur only in the case of a universe filled with radiation, or a universe containing at least two different substances with different equations of state, as for example radiation and matter. In the case of a radiation-filled universe, the inhomogeneities can be of arbitrary size and can conceivably be the precursors of galaxies.
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Goldman, I., Rosen, N. A universe embedded in a five-dimensional flat space. Gen Relat Gravit 2, 367–384 (1971). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00758156
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00758156