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A comparison of the chemical composition of fog and rainwater collected in the Fichtelgebirge, Federal Republic of Germany, and from the South Island of New Zealand

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Summary

We measured ionic compounds in rain and fog at two remote sites in the South Island of New Zealand and at two sites in the Fichtelgebirge, F. R. of Germany. In the Fichtelgebirge high concentrations of H3O+, NO 3 , SO 2−4 and NH +4 indicate an anthropogenic impact, whereas in New Zealand concentrations were generally very low except for seasalt derived ions such as Na+, Cl and Mg2+ at one site near the coast which receives precipitation from maritime sources. Remarkable differences occur in the acidity of hydrometeors in New Zealand and the Fichtelgebirge. The low pH values of the Fichtelgebirge (pH ≈ 4.2) are due to an excess of strong mineral acids, whereas the acidity of rain and fog in New Zealand is controlled by dissolved CO2 (pH ≈ 5.6). In the Fichtelgebirge, acidity in fog is much higher than in rain, whereas no difference could be observed in New Zealand due to marine influences and the lack of strong mineral acids. Rain of different trajectories of air flow in New Zealand is accompanied by a wide range of ionic concentrations.

Zusammenfassung

An zwei entlegenen Meßstellen der Südinsel Neuseelands und an zwei Meßstellen im Fichtelgebirge haben wir die Ionen im Regen und Nebel gemessen. Die Luftverschmutzung im Fichtelgebirge ist gekennzeichnet durch hohe Konzentrationen von H3O+, NO 3 , SO 2−4 und NH +4 . Die Ionenkonzentrationen im neuseeländischen Niederschlagswasser waren durchwegs sehr gering mit Ausnahme von Na+, Cl und Mg2+, die aus Seesalzen stammen und nur in einer küstennahen Meßstelle bei günstigen Wetterlagen bestimmt werden konnten. Große Unterschiede bestehen in der Azidität der Hydrometeore. Während im Fichtelgebirge starke Mineralsäuren niedrige pH-Werte (pH ≈ 4.2) bewirken, wird die Azidität des Regens und des Nebels an den neuseeländischen Meßstellen durch gelöstes CO2 kontrolliert (pH ≈ 5.6). Im Fichtelgebirge ist die Azidität im Nebel erheblich höher als im Regen. Im Gegensatz dazu konnten wir keinen Unterschied in der Azidität zwischen Nebel und Regen in Neuseeland beobachten, was wir mit dem marinen Einfluß und dem Fehlen starker Mineralsäuren erklären. Unterschiedliche Trajektorien der atmosphärischen Strömung in Neuseeland unterscheiden sich zugleich in ihren Ionenkonzentrationen im Regen.

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Verhoeven, W., Herrmann, R., Eiden, R. et al. A comparison of the chemical composition of fog and rainwater collected in the Fichtelgebirge, Federal Republic of Germany, and from the South Island of New Zealand. Theor Appl Climatol 38, 210–221 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00867414

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