Abstract
The mean heat budget of Lake Aegeri, Switzerland, is 950 MJ·m−2, comparable to that of neighbouring lakes. The annual variation in the net heat flux can be adequately described using a six-term heat balance equation based on 12 years of monthly mean meteorological and surface temperature data. Although the magnitude of the net heat flux is dominated by the radiative terms of the equation, the one-month backward shift of the net flux and total heat content extrema from the solstices and equinoxes respectively is due to the phase shift of the non-radiative with respect to the radiative terms. A linear approximation was used to express the net heat flux in terms of a heat exchange coefficient and an equilibrium temperature. The former varies from 17 to 28 W·m−2·K−1 in the course of a year; fluctuations in the latter are found to depend mainly on fluctuations in cloud cover and relative humidity, whilst the effect of fluctuations in air temperature and wind speed is slight.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aase, J. K. and S. B. Idso, 1978. A comparison of two formula types for calculating long wave radiation from the atmosphere. Water Resour. Res. 14: 623–625.
Anderson, E. R., 1954. Energy budget studies. In: Waterloss investigations: Lake Hefner Studies, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper vol. 269, pp. 71–118.
Baumgartner, A., E. Reichel and G. Weber, 1983. Der Wasserhaushalt der Alpen (Kartenteil). Munich: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 343 pp.
Bolz, H. M., 1949. Die Abhängigkeit der infraroten Gegenstrahlung von der Bewölkung. Z. Meteorol. 3: 201–203.
Bowen, I. S., 1926. The ratio of heat losses by conduction and by evaporation from any water surface. Phys. Rev. 27: 779–787.
Brunt, D., 1932. Notes on radiation in the atmosphere: I. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 58: 389–420.
Brutsaert, W. H., 1975. On a derivable formula for long-wave radiation from clear skies. Water Resour. Res. 11: 742–744.
Brutsaert, W. H., 1982. Evaporation into the atmosphere. Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 299 pp.
Dingman, S. L., 1972. Equilibrium temperatures of water surfaces as related to air temperature and solar radiation. Water Resour. Res. 8: 42–49.
Dingman, S. L., W. F. Weeks and Y. C. Yen, 1968. The effects of thermal pollution on river ice conditions. Water Resour. Res. 4: 349–362.
Edinger, J. E., D. W. Duttweiler and J. C. Geyer, 1968. The response of water temperatures to meteorological conditions. Water Resour. Res. 4: 1137–1143.
Heuscher, J., 1906. Beiträge zu einer Monographie des Aegerisees. Schweiz. Fisch. Z. 14 (Suppl.): 1–59.
Idso, S. B. and R. D. Jackson, 1969. Thermal radiation from the atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 74: 5397–5403.
IMSL, 1982. IMSL library reference manual, 9th edition, Houson: IMSL.
Justus, C. G., W. R. Hargraves and A. Yalcin, 1976. Nationwide assessment of potential output from wind-powered generators. J. Appl. Meteor. 15: 673–678.
Kasten, F. and G. Czeplak, 1980. Solar and terrestrial radiation dependent on the amount and type of cloud. Solar energy 24: 177–189.
Kasten, F., K. Dehne, H. D. Behr and U. Berghalter, 1984. Die räumliche und zeitliche Verteilung der diffusiven und direkten Sonnenstrahlung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. West German Fed. Ministr. for Res. and Technol., Res. Rept. BMFT-FB-T 84–125. German Weather Service, Meteorol. Observ. Hamburg, June 1984, 128 pp.
Krambeck, H. J., 1982. Solar energy and quanta in Baltic lakes. Arch. Hydrobiol. 95: 197–206.
Kuhn, W., 1972. Physikalisch-meteorologische Überlegungen zur Nutzung von Gewässern zu Kühlzwekken. Arch. Met. Geoph. Biokl., Ser. A, 21: 95–122.
Kuhn, W., 1977. Berechnung der Temperatur und Verdunstung alpiner Seen auf klimatologisch-ther-modynamischer Grundlage. Rept. No. 70, Swiss Meteorol. Office, 46 pp.
Kuhn, W., 1978. Aus Wärmehaushalt und Klimadaten berechnete Verdunstung des Zürichsees. Vjschr. naturf. Ges. Zürich, 123: 261–283.
Kutschke, I., 1966. Die thermischen Verhältnisse im Zürichsee zwischen 1937 und 1963 und ihre Beeinflussung durch meteorologische Faktoren. Vjschr. naturf. Ges. Zürich 111: 47–124.
LAWA (Länderarbeitsgemeinschaft Wasser), 1977. Grundlagen für die Beurteilung der Wärmebelastungen von Gewässern, Part 1, Binnengewässer, 2nd edition, Mainz: LAWA-Arbeitsgruppe Wärmebelastung der Gewässer, 123 pp.
Liljequist, G. H. and K. Cehak, 1979. Allgemeine Meteorologie, 2nd edition, Braunschweig: F. Vieweg, 385 pp.
Marti, D. E. and D. M. Imboden, 1986. Thermische Energieflüsse an der Wasseroberfläche: Beispiel Sempachersee. Schweiz. Z. Hydrol. 48 (2), 196–229.
Maurer, J., 1913. Über die Größe der jährlichen Verdunstung auf Schweizer-Seen am nordalpinen Fuß. Meteorol. Z. 30: 209–213.
McCombie, A. M., 1959. Some relations between air temperatures and the surface water temperature of lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 4: 252–258.
McMillan, W., 1971. Heat dispersal — Lake Trawsfynydd cooling studies. In: Symposium on freshwater biology and electrical power generation, part I, session 1, pp 41–80.
Mermier, M. and B. Seguin, 1976. Comments on “On a derivable formula for long-wave radiation from clear skies” by W. Brutsaert. Water Resour. Res. 12: 1327–1328.
Moser, R., 1975. Hydrologische Studie des Kantons Zug. Rept. 457-3, Tiefbauamt, Canton Zug, 11 pp.
Neumann, G. and W. J. Pierson, 1966. Principles of physical oceanography. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 545 p.
Satterlund, D. R., 1979. An improved equation for estimating long-wave radiation from the atmosphere. Water Resour. Res. 15: 1649–1650.
SMA (Schweizerische Meteorologische Anstalt), 1981. Annalen der Schweizerischen Meteorologischen Anstalt, vol. 118.
Sweers, H. E., 1976. A nomogram to estimate the heat-exchange coefficient at the air-water interface as a function of wind speed and temperature; a critical survey of some literature. J. Hydrol. 30: 375–401.
Swinbank, W. C., 1963. Long-wave radiation from clear skies. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 89: 339–348.
Swiss Federal Office for the Protection of the Environment, National Hydrological Service, 1981. Hydrologisches Jahrbuch der Schweiz. Bern, 373 pp.
Urfer, C., 1979. Die Klimaregionen der Schweiz: Alpennordhang. In: Klimatologie der Schweiz, vol. II, Regionale Klimabeschreibungen, Part 2, 247–322. Suppl. Annal. Schweiz. Meteor. Anstalt, Jgh 1978.
Webb, M. S., 1974. Surface temperatures of Lake Erie. Water Resour. Res. 10: 199–210.
Weibull, W., 1951. A statistical distribution function of wide applicability. J. Appl. Mech. 18: 293–297.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Livingstone, D.M., Imboden, D.M. Annual heat balance and equilibrium temperature of Lake Aegeri, Switzerland. Aquatic Science 51, 351–369 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00877177
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00877177