Summary
Atmospheric flows exhibit long-range spatiotemporal correlations manifested as the fractal geometry to the global cloud cover pattern concomitant with inverse power law form for power spectra of temporal fluctuations on all space-tie scales ranging from turbulence (centimetersseconds) to climate (kilometers-years). Long-range spatiotemporal correlations are ubiquitous to dynamical systems in nature and are identified as signatures ofself-organized criticality. Standard models in meteorological theory cannot explain satisfactorily the observed self-organized criticality in atmospheric flows. Mathematical models for simulation and prediction of atmospheric flows are nonlinear and do not possess analytical solutions. Finite precision computer realizations of nonlinear models give unrealistic solutions because ofdeterministic chaos, a direct consequence of round-off error growth in iterative numerical computations. Recent studies show that roundoff error doubles on an average for each iteration of iterative computations. Round-off error propagates to the main stream computation and gives unrealistic solutions in numerical weather prediction (NWP) and climate models which incorporate thousands of iterative computations in long-term numerical integration schemes. An alternative non-deterministic cell dynamical system model for atmospheric flows described in this paper predicts the observed self-organized criticality as intrinsic to quantumlike mechanics governing flow dynamics. The model provides universal quantification for self-organized criticality in terms of the statistical normal distribution. Model predictions are in agreement with a majority of observed spectra of time series of several standard climatological data sets representative of disparate climatic regimes. Universal spectrum for natural climate variability rules out linear trends. Man-made greenhouse gas related atmospheric warming will result in intensification of natural climate variability, seen immediately in high frequency fluctuations such as QBO and ENSO and even shorter timescales. Model concepts and results of analyses are discussed with reference to possible prediction of climate change.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anandan, J., 1992: The geometric phase.Nature,360, 307–313.
Arber, A., 1950:The Natural Philosophy of Plant Form. London: Cambridge University Press.
Back, C. H., Wurch, Ch., Avateriaus, A., Ramsperger, U., Maier, U., Pescia, D., 1995: Experimental confirmation of universality for a phase transition in two dimensions.Nature,378, 597–600.
Bak, P., Tang, C., Wiesenfeld, K., 1987: Self-organized criticality: an explanation of 1/f noise.Phys. Rev. Lett.,59, 381–384.
Bak, P. C., Tang, C., Wiesenfeld, K., 1988: Self-organized criticality.Phys. Rev. A.,38, 364–374.
Bak, P., Chen, K., 1989: The physics of fractals.Physica D,38, 5–12.
Bak, P., Chen, K., 1991: Self-organized criticality.Sci. Am.,January, 26–33.
Bardeen, J., 1990: Superconductivity and other macroscopic quantum phenomena.Physics Today,December, 25–31.
Bassingthwaighte, J. B., Beyer, R. P., 1991: Fractal correlations in heterogenous systems.Physica D,53, 71–84.
Berry, M. V., 1988: The geometric phase.Sci. Amer.,Dec., 26–32.
Besicovitch, A. E., 1929: On linear sets of points of fractional dimension.Math. Ann.,101, 161–193.
Blank, M., 1994: Pathologies generated by round-off in dynamical systems.Physica D,78, 93–114.
Brown, J., 1996: Where two worlds meet.New Scientist,18 May 26–30.
Buchanan, M., 1997: One law to rule them all.New Scientist,8 Nov., 30–35.
Burroughs, W. J., 1992:Weather Cycles: Real or Imaginary? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Canavero, F. G., Einaudi, F., 1987: Time and space variability of atmospheric processes.J. Atmos. Sci.,44(12), 1589–1604.
Cipra, B., 1996: A new theory of turbulence causes a stir among experts.Science,272, 951.
Clough, S., 1988: The wrong side of quantum tracks.New Scientist,22 March, 37–40.
Corless, R. M., Frank, G. W., Monroe, J. G., 1990: Chaos and continued fractions.Physica D,46, 241–253.
Davies, P. C. W., 1986:The Forces of Nature, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Deering, W., West, B. J., 1992: Fractal physiology.IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology,June, 40–46.
Dennin, M., Ahlers, G., Cannell, D. S., 1996: Spatiotemporal chaos in electroconvection.Science,272, 388–396.
Dewdney, A. K., 1986: Computer recreations.Sci. Am.,255, 14–23.
Dewdney, C., Holland, P. R., Kyprianidis, A., Vigier, J. P., 1988: Spin and non-locality in quantum mechanics.Nature,336, 536–544.
DiVincenzo, D. P., 1989: Perfect quasicrystals?Nature,340, 504.
El Naschie, M. S., 1997: Remarks on superstrings, fractal gravity, Nagasawa's diffusion and Cantorian spacetime.Chaos, Solitan's and Fractals,8(11), 1873–1886.
Feigenbaum, M. J., 1980: Universal behaviour in nonlinear systems.Los Alamos Sci.,1, 4–27.
Freeman, G. R., 1987: Introduction. In: Freeman, G. R. (ed.)Kinetics of Nonhomogenous Processes. NY: John Wiley, pp. 1–18.
Freeman, G. R., 1990: KNP89: Kinetics of non homogenous processes (KNP) and nonlinear dynamics.Can. J. Phys.,68, 6550659.
Frisch, U., Orszag, S. A., 1990: Turbulence: Chaellenges for theory and experiment.Physics Today,January, 24–32.
Ghashghaie, S., Breymann, Peinke, J., Talkner, P., Dodge, Y., 1996: Turbulent cascades in foreign exchange markets.Nature,381, 767–770.
Ghil, M., 1994: Cryothermodynamics: the chaotic dynamics of paleoclimate.Physica D,77, 130–159.
Gleick, J., 1987:Chaos: Making a New Science. New York: Viking.
Goldberger, A. L., Rigney, D. R., West, B. J., 1990: Chaos and fractals in human physiology.Sci. Am.,262(2), 42–49.
Gross, D. J., 1985: On the uniqueness of physical theories. In: De Tar, C., Finkelstein, J., Tan, C-I. A., (eds.)Passion for Physics. Singapore: World Scientific.
Grossing, G., 1989: Quantum systems as order out of chaos phenomena.II Nuovo Cimento,103B, 497–510.
Gutenberg, B., Richter, R. F., 1944: Frequency of earthquakes in California.Bull. Seis. Soc. Amer.,34, 185.
Haken, H., 1989: Synergetics: an overview.Reports or progress in Physics,52(7), 517–552.
Hargittai, I., Pickover, C. A. (eds.) 1992:Spiral Symmetry. Singapore: World Scientific.
Hartittai, I., (ed.) 1992:Fivefold Symmetry. Singapore: World Scientific.
Hausdorff, F., 1919: Dimension und ausseres mass.Math. Ann.,29, 157–179.
Hingane, L. S., Patil, S. D., 1996: Total ozone in the most humid monsoon region.Meteorol. Atmos. Phys.,58, 215–221.
Hooge, C., Lovejoy, S., Schertzer, D., Pecknold, S., Malouin, J. F., Schmitt, F., 1994: Multifractal phase transitions: the origin of self-organized criticality in earthquakes.Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics,1, 191–197.
Houghton, J. T., Callander, B. A. Varney, S. K., 1992:Climate Change 1992: The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Houghton, J. T., Meira Filho, L. G., Callander, B. A., Harris, N., Kattenberg, A., Maskell, K., 1996:Climate Change 1995, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hurrel, J. W., Van Loon, H., 1994: A modulation of the atmospheric annual cycle in the southern hemisphere.Tellus,46A, 325–338.
Hurst, H. E., 1951: Long-term storage capacity of reservoirs.Trans. Amer. Soc. Civ. Engrs.,116, 770–808.
Hurst, H. E., Black, R. P., Simaiki, Y. M., 1995:Long-term Storage: An Experimental Study. London: Constable.
Insinnia, E. M., 1992: Synchronicity and coherent excitations in microtubules.Nanobiology,1(2), 191–208.
Jenkinson, A. F., 1977:A Powerful Elementary Method of Spectral Analysis for use with Monthly. Seasonal or Annual Meteoroligical Time Series. Meteorological Office, London, Branch Memorandum No. 57, pp. 1–23.
Jean, R. V., 1994:Phyllotaxis: A systemic Study in Plant Morphogenesis. NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.
Jurgen, H., Peitgen, H-O., Saupe, D., 1990: The language of fractals.Sci. Amer. 263, 40–49.
Kadanoff, L. P., 1996: Turbulent excursions.Nature,382, 116–117.
Kane, R. P., 1996: Quasibiennial and quasitriennial oscillations in some atmospheric parameters.PAGEOPH,147(3), 567–583.
Kappraff, J., 1992: The relationship between mathematics and mysticism of the golden mean through history. In: Hargittai, I. (ed.)Fivefold Symmetry. Singapore: World Scientific, pp. 33–65.
Kelly, P. M., Jones, P. D., 1981: Winter temperature in the Arctic, 1882–1981.Climate Monitor,10(1), 9–10.
Kelly, P. M., Jones, P. D., 1981: Spring temperature in the Arctic, 1881–1981.Climate Monitor,10(2), 40–41.
Kelly, P. M., Jones, P. D., 1981: Summer temperatures in the Arctic, 1881–1981.Climate Monitor,10(3), 66–67.
Kelly, P. M., Jones, P. D., 1981: Autumn temperatures in the Arctic, 1881–1981.Climate Monitor,10(4), 94–95.
Kelly, P. M., Jones, P. D., 1981: Annual temperatures in the Arctic, 1881–1981.Climate Monitor,10(5), 122–124.
Kepler, T. B., Kagan, M. L., Epstein, I. R., 1991: Geometric phases in dissipative systems.Chaos,1(4), 455–461.
Kepler, T. B., 1992: Geometric phase shifts in dissipative classical systems.Modern Physics Letters B,6(26), 1613–1622.
Kerr, R. A., 1994: Climate modelling's fudge factor comes under fire.Science,265, 1528.
Kolmogorov, A. N., 1941: The local structure of turbulence in incompressible liquids for very high Reynolds numbers.C. R. Rus. Acad. Sci.,30, 301–305.
Kolmogorov, A. N., 1962: A refinement of previous hypotheses concerning the local structure of turbulence in a viscous inhomogenous fluid at high Reynolds number.J. Fluid Mech. 13, 82–85.
Levich, E., 1987: Certain problems in the theory of developed hydrodynamic turbulence.Physics Reports,151(3,4), 129–238.
Levine, D., Steinhardt, J., 1984: Quasicrystals: A new class of ordered structures.Phys. Rev. Letts.,53(26), 2477–2480.
Levy, P., 1937:Theorie de l'addition des variables aleatoires. Paris: Gautheir-Villiers.
Liu, S. H., 1992: Formation and anomalous properties of fractals.IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology,June, 28–39.
Lord, E. A., 1991: Quasicrystals and penrose patterns.Current Science,61(5), 313–319.
Lorenz, E. N., 1963: Deterministic non-periodic flow.J. Atmos. Sci.,20, 130–141.
Lorenz, E. N., 1989: Computational chaos — a prelude to computational instability.Physica D,35, 299–317.
Lorenz, E. N., 1991: Dimension of weather and climate attractors.Nature,353, 241–244.
Lovejoy, S., 1982: Area-perimeter relation for rain and cloud areas.Science,216, 185–187.
Lovejoy, S., Schertzer, D., 1986a: Scale invariance, symmetries, fractal and stochastic simulations of atmospheric phenomena.Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.,67, 21–32.
Lovejoy, S., Schertzer, D., 1986b: Scale invariance in climatological temperatures and the local spectral plateau.Annales Geophysicae,4B, 401–410.
Maddox, J., 1988a: Licence to slang Copenhagen?Nature,332, 581.
Maddox, J., 1988b: Turning phases into frequencies.Nature,334, 99.
Maddox, J., 1991: Non-locality bursts into life.nature,352, 277.
Maddox, J., 1992: Long-range correlations within DNA,Nature,358, 103.
Maddox, J., 1993: Can quantum theory be understood?Nature,361, 493.
Mandelbrot, B. B., Wallis, J. R., 1969: Some long-run properties of geophysical records.Water Resour. Res.,5, 321–340.
Mandelbrot, B. B., 1975: On the geometry of homogenous turbulence with stress on the fractal dimension of the isosurfaces of scalars.J. Fluid Mech.,72, 401–416.
Mandelbrot, B. B., 1977:Fractals: Form, Chance and Dimension. San Francisco: Freeman.
Mandelbrot, B. B., 1983:The Fractal Geometry of Nature. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 468 pp.
Mantegna, R. N., Stanley, H. E., 1995: Scaling behaviour in the dynamics of an economic index.Nature,376, 46–49.
Mary Selvam, A., 1990: Deterministic chaos, fractals and quantumlike mechanics in atmospheric flows.Can. J. Phys.,68, 831–841.
Mary Selvam, A., Pethkar, J. S., Kulkarni, M. K., 1992. Signatures of a universal spectrum for atmospheric interannual variability in rainfall time series over the Indian region.Int. J. Climatol.,12, 137–152.
Mary Selvam, A., 1993a: Universal quantification for deterministic chaos in dynamical systems.Applied Math. Modelling,17, 642–649.
Mary Selvam, A., 1993b: A universal spectrum for interannual variability of monsoon rainfall over India.Adv. Atmos. Sci.,10, 221–226.
Mary Selvam, A., Radhamani, M., 1994: Signature of a universal spectrum for nonlinear variability in daily columnar total ozone content.Adv. Atmos. Sci.,11(3), 335–342.
Mary Selvam, A., Joshi, R. R., Vijaykumar, R., 1994: Self organized criticality inCOADS temperature time series: Implication for climate prediction. In: Mathai, C. V., Stensland, G. (eds.)Global Climate Change: Science, Policy and Mitigation Strategies. Proc. of the Air and Waste Management Association, Int'I. Speciality Conf., Phoenix, Arizona, April, 196–205.
Mary Selvam, A., 1994: The physics of deterministic chaos: Implications for global climate model predictions. In: Mathai, C. V., Stensland, G. (eds.)Global Climate Change: Science, Policy and Mitigation Strategies. Proc. of the Air and Waste Management Association, Int'I. Speciality Conf., Phoenix, Arizona April, 412–417.
mary Selvam, A., Pethkar, J. S., Kulkarni, M. K., 1995: Some unique characteristics of atmospheric interannual variability in rainfall time series over India and the United Kingdom.Adv. Atmos. Sci.,12(3), 377–385.
Mary Selvam, A., Radhamani, M., 1995: Universal spectrum for short period (days) variability in atmospheric total ozone.Mausam,46(3), 297–302.
Mary Selvam, A., Joshi, R. R., 1995: Universal spectrum for interannual variability inCOADS global air and sea surface temperatures.Int. J. Climatol.,15, 613–624.
Mary Selvam, A., Pethkar, J. S., Kulkarni, M. K., Vijayakumar, R., 1966: Signatures of a universal spectrum for atmospheric interannual variability inCOADS surface pressure time series.Int. J. Climatol.,16, 1–11.
Mary Selvam, A., 1997: Quasicrystalline pattern formation in fluid substrates and phyllotaxis. In: Barabe, D., Jean R. V. (eds.)Symmetry in Plants. World Scientific Series No 4. in Mathematical Biology and Medicine. Singapore: World Scientific, (in press).
Mintmire, J. W., 1996: Fullerene formation and annealing.Science,272, 45–46.
Monin, A. S., Yaglom, A. M., 1975:Statistical Hydrodynamics, Vols. 1 and 2. Cambridge, Ma: MIT Press.
Mukerjee, M., 1995: Quasimodal.Sci. Amer.,273(2), 18.
Muller, A., Beugholt, C., 1996: The medium is the message.Nature,383, 296–297.
Narlikar, V. N., 1982:Violent Phenomena in the Universe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 213.
Narlikar, J. V., 1996:The Lighter Side of Gravity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 217.
Nauenberg, M., Stroud, C., Yeazell, J., 1994: The classical limit of an atom.Sci. Amer.,Jun., 24–29.
Nelson, D. R., 1986: Quasicrystals.Sci. Amer.,255, 42–51.
Nicolis, G., Prigogine, I., 1977:Self-Organization in Non Equilibrium Systems. New York: Wiley.
Omnes, R., 1994:The Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Omori, F., 1895: On the aftershocks of earthquakes.J. Coll. Sci.,7, 111, 1895.
Parthasarathy, B., Rupakumar, K., Munot, A. A., 1995:Monthly and seasonal rainfall series for all-India homogenous regions and meteorological subdivisions: 1871–1994. Research Report No. RR-065, Contributions from Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology.
Petigen, H.-O., Richter, P. H., Saupe, D., 1992:Chaos and Fractals: New Frontiers in Science. New York: Springer, p. 971.
Peng, C. K., Buldyrev, S. V., Goldberger, A. L., Havlin, S., Sciortino, F., Simons, M., Stanley, H. E., 1992: Longrange correlations in nucleotide sequences.Nature,356, 168–170.
Penrose, R., 1974: The role of aesthetics in pure and applied mathematical research.Bull. Inst. Math. Appl.,10, 266–271, reprinted In: Steinhardt, P. J., Ostlund, S. (eds.)The Physics of Quasicrystals. Singapore: World Scientific, 1987.
Penrose, R., 1979: Pentaplexity.Math. Intell.,2(1), 32–37.
Philander, S. G., 1990:El Nino, La Nino and the Southern Oscillation. (International Geophysical Series46) New York: Academic Press, pp. 293.
Poincare, H., 1892:Les Methodes Nouvelle de la Mecannique Celeste. Paris: Gautheir-Villars.
Prigogine, I., 1980:From Being to Becoming. San Francisco: Freeman.
Prigogine, I., Stengers, I., 1988:Order Out of Chaos, 3rd edn. London: Fontana Paperbacks.
Rae, A., 1986: Extrasensory quantum physic.New Scientist,27 Nov., 36–39.
Rae, A., 1988:Quantum-physics: Illusion or Reality? New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 129.
Rapier, S. C. B., 1983: Summer temperature in the Antarctic, 1958–1983.Climate Monitor,12(1), 44–45.
Rapier, S. C. B., 1983: Winter temperatures in the Antarctic, 1957–1983.Climate Monitor,12(3), 76–77.
Rapier, S. C. B., 1983: Spring temperature in the Antarctic, 1957–1983.Climate Monitor,12(4), 115–116.
Rapier, S. C. B., 1983: Annual temperature in the Antarctic, 1957–1983.Climate Monitor,12(5), 142–144.
Rhodes, C. J., Anderson, R. M., 1996: Power laws governing epidemics in isolated populations.Nature,381, 600–602.
Richards, D., 1988: Order and chaos in strong fields.Nature.336, 518–519.
Richardson, L. F., 1960: The problem of contiguity: an appendix to statistics of deadly quarrels. In: Von Bertalanffy, L., Rapoport, A. (eds.)General Systems — Year book of the society for general systems research, V pp 139–187, Ann Arbor, MI.
Richardson, L. F., 1965:Weather Prediction by Numerical Process, Mineola, N. Y.: Dover.
Samuel, J., Bhandari, R., 1988: General setting for Berry's phase.Phys. Rev. Letts.,60(23), 2339–2342.
Schepers, H. E., Van Beek, J. H. G. M., Bassingthwaighte, J. B., 1992: Four methods to estimate the fractal dimension from self-affine signals.IEEE Engineering in medicine and biology,June, 57–71.
Schertzer, D., Lovejoy, S., 1991: Nonlinear geodynamical variability, multiple sigularities, universality and observables. In: Schertzer, D., Lovejoy, S., (eds.)Scaling, Fractals and Nonlinear Variability in Geophysics. Norwell, Mass: Kluwer Acad., pp. 41–82.
Schertzer, D., Lovejoy, S., 1994: Multifractal generation of self-organized criticality. In: Novak, M. M. (ed.)Fractals in the Natural and Applied Sciences (A-41), North-Holland: Elsevier Science B. V., pp. 325–339.
Schroeder, M., 1991:Fractals, Chaos and Powerlaws, N. Y.: W. H. Freeman.
Shlesinger, M. F., West, B. J., Klafter, J., 1987: Levy dynamics of enhanced diffusion: application to turbulence.Phy. Rev. Lett.,58(110), 1100–1103.
Simon, R., Kimble, H. J., Sudarshan, E. C. G., 1988: Evolving geometric phase and its dynamical interpretation as a frequency shift: an optical experiment.Phys. Rev. Letts. 61(1), 19–22.
Skinner, J. E., 1994: Low dimensional chaos in biological systems.Bio/technology,12, 596–600.
Sreenivasan, K. R., 1991: Fractals andmultifractals in turbulence.Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech.,23, 539–600.
Stanley, H. E., 1995: Powerlaws and universality.Nature,378, 554.
Stanley, M. H. R., Amaral, L. A. N., Buldyrev, S. V., Havlin, S., Leschhorn, H., Maass, P., Salinger, M. A., Stanley, H. E., 1996: Can statistical physics contribute to the science of economics?Fractals,4(3), 415–425.
Stanley, H. E., Amaral, L. A. N., Buldyrev, S. V., Goldberger, A. L., Havlin, S., Hyman, B. T., Leschhorn, H., Maass, P., Makse, H. A., Peng, C.-K., Salinger, M. A., Stanley, M. H. R., Viswanathan, G. M., 1996: Scaling and universality in living systems.Fractals,4(3), 427–451.
Steinhardt, P., 1997: Crazy crystals.New Scientist,25 Jan, 32–35.
Stewart, I., 1992a: Where do nature's patterns come from?Nature,135, 14.
Stewart, I., 1992b: Warning-handle with care!Nature,355, 16.
Stewart, I., 1995: Daisy, daisy, give your answer do.Sci. Amer.,272, 76–79.
Stoddart, F., 1988: Unnatural product synthesis.Nature,334, 10.
Strathmann, R. R., 1990: Testing size aboundance rules in a human exclusion experiment.Science,250, 1990.
Stevens, P. S., 1974:Patterns in Nature. Boston, USA: Little, Brown.
Suki, B., Barabasi, A., Hantos, Z., Petak, F., Stanley, H. E., 1994: Avalanches and power-law behaviour in lung inflation.Nature,368, 615–618.
Sun, H. H., Charef, A., 1990: Fractal system — A time domain approach.Annals of Biomedical Engineering,18, 597–621.
Tang, C., Bak, P., 1988: Critical exponents and scaling relations for self organized critical phenomena.Phys. Rev. Lett.,60, 2347–2350.
Tarasov, L., 1986:This Amazingly Symmetrical World. Moscow: Mir Publishers.
Terray, P., 1995: Space-time structure of monsoon interannual variability.J. Climate,8(11), 2595–2619.
Tessier, Y., Lovejoy, S., Schertzer, D., 1993: Universal multifractals, theory and observations for rain and clouds.J. Appl. Meteor.,32, 223–250.
Tessier, Y., Lovejoy, S., Hubert, P., Schertzer, D., Pecknold, S., 1996: Multifractal analysis and modeling of rainfall and river flows and scaling, casual transfer function.J. Geophys. Res.,101(D21), 26427–26440.
Thompson, D. W., 1963:On Growth and Form, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Townsend, A. A., 1956:The Structure of Turbulent Shear Flow. London, U. K.: Cambridge University Press.
Turing, A. M., 1952: The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis.Phil. Trans. Roy Soc. (London),B 237, 37–52.
Uzer, T., Farrelly, D., Milligan, J. A., Raines, P. E., Skelton, J. P., 1991: Celestial mechanics on a microscopic scale.Science,253, 42–48.
Van Der Zeil, A., 1950: On the noise spectra of semiconductor noise and flicker effects.Physica,16, 359–372.
Von Baeyer, H., 1990: Impossible crystals.Discover,February, 69–78.
Wallace, J. M., Hobbs, P. V., 1977:Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey, N. Y.: Academic Press.
Wang, X. L., Ropelewski, C. F., 1995: An assessment of ENSO-scale secular variability.J. Climate,8(6), 1584–1599.
Weinberg, S., 1993:Dreams of a Final Theory. Vintage, pp. 250.
West, B. J., Shlesinger, M. F., 1989: On the ubiquity of 1/f noise.Int. J. Mod. Phys. B,3(6), 795–819.
West, B. J., 1990a: Fractal forms in physiology.Int. J. Modern Physics B,4(10), 1629–1669.
West, B. J., 1990b: Physiology in fractal dimensions.Annals of biomedical engineering,18, 135–149.
Wigley, T. M. L., Jones, P. D., 1982: A new homogenous England and Wales area-average rainfall series, 1766–1980.Climate Monitor,11(4), 106–113.
Wilson, K. G., 1979: Problems in physics with many scales of length.Sci. Am.,241(2), 140–157.
Wright, P. B., 1989: Homogenized long-period southern oscillation indices.Int. J. Climatol,9(2), 33–54.
Zeng, X., Pielke, R. A., Eykholt, R., 1993:Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.,74(4), 631–644.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
With 11 Figures
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Selvam, A.M., Fadnavis, S. Signatures of a universal spectrum for atmospheric interannual variability in some disparate climatic regimes. Meteorl. Atmos. Phys. 66, 87–112 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01030450
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01030450