Summary
During regeneration of mechanically amputated flagella, flagellar scales and the subtending membrane accumulate in a villiform scale reservoir in which the scales interact to form patterns on the villi reminiscent of the arrangement they later assume on the flagellum. The reservoir membrane is continuous with the plasmalemma, and the scales, attached directly and indirectly to the membrane, leave the reservoir and migrate toward the developing flagella where they assemble into highly ordered layers. It is proposed that scale-scale interactions induce a process of auto-assembly initiating the complex arrangement of scale tiers on the flagellum and cell body.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bloodgood, R. A., 1982: The flagellum as a model system for studying dynamic cell surface events. Cold Spring Harbour Symp. Quant. Biol.46, 683–693.
Bouck, G. B., Chen, S-J., 1984: Synthesis and assembly of the flagellar surface. J. Protozool.31, 21–24.
Bretscher, M. S., 1976: Directed lipid flow in cell membranes. Nature260, 21–23.
Child, F. M., 1963: Flagellar regeneration: A mechanism accounting for its initiation and regulation. Biol. Bull.125, 361 (Abstr.).
Dentler, W. L., Rosenbaum, J. L., 1977: Flagellar elongation and shortening inChlamydomonas. J. Cell Biol.74, 747–759.
Domozych, D. S., Stewart, K. D., Mattox, K. P., 1980: The comparative aspects of cell wall chemistry in the green algae (Chlorophyta). J. mol. Evol.15, 1–12.
Geetha-Habib, M., Bouck, G. B., 1982: Synthesis and mobilization of flagellar glycoproteins during regeneration inEuglena. J. Cell Biol.93, 432–441.
Lefebvre, P. A., Nordstrom, S. A., Moulder, J. E., Rosenbaum, J. L., 1978: Flagellar elongation and shortening inChlamydomonas. IV. Effects of flagellar detachment, regeneration, and resorption on the induction of flagellar protein synthesis. J. Cell Biol.78, 8–27.
Manton, I., 1966: Observations on scale production inPyramimonas amylifera Conrad. J. Cell. Sci.1, 429–438.
—,Parke, M., 1960: Further observations on small green flagellates with special reference to possible relatives ofChromulina pusilla Butcher. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K.39, 275–298.
McFadden, G. I., Wetherbee, R., 1982a: An investigation of the periplast scale layers in the Antarctic flagellate,Pyramimonas gelidicola (Prasinophyceae). Micron13, 329–330.
— —, 1982b: Serial reconstruction of the mitochondrial reticulum in the Antarctic flagellate,Pyramimonas gelidicola (Prasinophyceae, Chlorophyta). Protoplasma111, 79–82.
— —, 1984: Reconstruction of the flagellar apparatus and microtubular cytoskeleton inPyramimonas gelidicola (Prasinophyceae, Chlorophyta). Protoplasma121, 186–198.
—,Moestrup, Ø., Wheterbee, R., 1982:Pyramimonas gelidicola sp. nov. (Prasinophyceae), a new species isolated from Antarctic sea ice. Phycologia21, 103–111.
-Hill, D. R. A.,Wetherbee, R., 1985: A study of the genusPyramimonas (Prasinophyceae, Chlorophyta) from south-eastern Australia. Nord. J. Bot. (in press).
Melkonian, M., 1982: Effect of divalent cations on flagellar scales in the green flagellateTetraselmis cordiformis. Protoplasma111, 221–233.
—, 1984: Flagellar apparatus ultrastructure in relation to green algal classification. In: The systematics of green algae (Irvine, D. E. G., John, D. M., eds.), pp. 73–120. New York: Academic Press.
—,Robenek, H., 1981: Comparative ultrastructure of underlayer scales in four species of the green flagellatePyramimonas: a freeze fracture and thin section study. Phycologia20, 365–376.
— —,Rassat, J., Marx, M., 1981: Experimental studies on the cell surface-associated organic scales in some green algae. In: Cell walls '81 (Robinson, D. G., Quader, H., eds.), pp. 261–272. Stuttgart: Wiss. Verlagsges.
—,Surek, B., Salisbury, J. L., Satir, P., 1983: Isolation and characterization of flagellar scales from the scaly green flagellateTetraselmis. Br. phycol. J.8, 207.
Moestrup, Ø., 1982: Flagellar structure in algae. A review with new observations in theChrysophyceae, Phaeophyceae (Fucophyceae), Euglenophyceae, and inReckertia. Phycologia21, 427–528.
—,Thomsen, H. A., 1974: An ultrastructural study of the flagellatePyramimonas orientalis with particular emphasis on Golgi apparatus activity and the flagellar apparatus. Protoplasma81, 247–269.
Pearson, B. R., Norris, R. E., 1975: Fine structure of cell division inPyramimonas parkeae Norris et Pearson (Chlorophyta, Prasinophyceae). J. Phycol.11, 113–124.
Remillard, S. P., Witman, G. B., 1982: Synthesis, transport and utilization of specific flagellar proteins during flagellar regeneration inChlamydomonas. J. Cell Biol.93, 615–631.
Rogalski, A. A., Bouck, G. B., 1982: Flagellar surface antigens inEuglena: immunological evidence for an external glycoprotein pool and its transfer to the regenerating flagella. J. Cell Biol.93, 758–766.
Rosenbaum, J. L., Child, F. M., 1967: Flagellar regeneration in protozoan flagellates. J. Cell Biol.34, 345–364.
—,Moulder, J. E., Ringo, D. L., 1969: Flagellar shortening and elongation inChlamydomonas. J. Cell Biol.41, 600–619.
Witman, G. B., 1975: The sites ofin vivo assembly of flagellar microtubules. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.253, 178–191.
Woods, J. K., Triemer, R. E., 1981: Mitosis in the octoflagellate prasinophyte,Pyramimonas amylifera (Chlorophyta). J. Phycol.17, 81–90.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
McFadden, G.I., Wetherbee, R. Flagellar regeneration and associated scale deposition inPyramimonas gelidicola (Prasinophyceae, Chlorophyta) . Protoplasma 128, 31–37 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01273232
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01273232