Summary
We have used a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction with nested sets of primers to determine the nucleotide sequences of a 166 base pair segment of the RNA polymerase region of seven strains of small round structured viruses (SRSVs) from the United Kingdom. These SRSV strains were previously classified by solid-phase immune electron microscopy into three antigenic types — UK2, UK3 and UK4, which are comparable to the prototype strains Norwalk virus, Hawaii agent, and Snow Mountain agents, respectively. Based on their sequences, the seven strains from the United Kingdom could be divided into two groups. The first group included two strains of the UK2 type along with Norwalk virus and Southampton virus and the second group included three strains of UK3 and two strains of UK4 types. Viruses in the first group showed 75.3%–77.1% nucleotide and 89.1%–94.6% amino acid identity with Norwalk virus while those of the second group showed 60.8%–63.3% nucleotide and 67.3%–69.1% amino acid identity. Nucleotide and amino acid identity within the second group ranged between 91.6%–99.4% and 96.4%–100%, respectively. These results suggest that the SRSVs antigenically related with Norwalk virus, Hawaii agent, and Snow Mountain agent, can be classified into two genotypes on the basis of their sequences in the RNA polymerase region.
References
Caul EO, Appleton H (1982) The electron microscopical and physical characteristics of small round human fecal viruses: an interim scheme for classification. J Med Virol 9: 257–265
Dolin R, Reichmann RC, Roessner KD, Tralka TS, Schooley RT, Gary W, Morens D (1982) Detection by immune electron microscopy of the Snow Mountain agent of acute viral gastroenteritis. J Infect Dis 146: 184–189
Dolin R, Roessner KD, Treanor JJ, Reichman RC, Phillips M, Madore HP (1986) Radioimmunoassay for detection of the Snow Mountain Agent of viral gastroenteritis. J Med Virol 19: 11–18
Felsenstein J (1989) PHYLIP — Phylogeny inference package (version 3.2). Cladistics 5: 164–166
Gary GW Jr, Kaplan JE, Stine SE, Anderson LJ (1985) Detection of Norwalk virus antibodies and antigen with a biotin-avidin immunoassay. J Clin Microbiol 22: 274–278
Green J, Norcott JP, Lewis D, Arnold C, Brown DW (1993) Norwalk-like viruses: demonstration of genomic diversity by polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol 31: 3007–3012
Greenberg HB, Wyatt RG, Valdesuso J, Kalica AR, London WT, Chanock RM, Kapikian AZ (1987) Solid-phase microtiter radioimmunoassay for detection of the Norwalk strain of acute nonbacterial, epidemic gastroenteritis and its antibodies. J Med Virol 2: 97–108
Herrmann JE, Nowak NA, Blacklow NR (1985) Detection of Norwalk virus in stools by enzyme immunoassay. J Med Virol 17: 127–133
Higgins DG, Sharp PM (1988) CLUSTAL: a package for performing multiple sequence alignment on a microcomputer. Gene 73: 237–244
Jiang X, Graham DY, Wang K, Estes MK (1990) Norwalk virus genome cloning and characterization. Science 250: 1580–1583
Jiang X, Wang M, Wang K, Estes MK (1993) Sequence and genomic organization of Norwalk virus. Virology 195: 51–61
Kapikian AAZ, Estes MK (1993) Norwalk and related viruses. In: Webster RG, Granoff A (eds) Encyclopedia of virology. Academic Press, London (in press)
Kapikian AZ, Chanock RM (1990) Rotaviruses. In: Fields BN, Knipe DM, Chanock RM, Hirsch MS, Melnick JL, Monath TP, Roizman B (eds) Virology, vol 2. Raven Press, New York, pp 1353–1404
Koopmans M, Synder EJ, Horzinek MC (1991) cDNA probes for the detection of bovine torovirus (Breda virus) infections. J Clin Microbiol 29: 493–497
Lambden PR, Caul EO, Ashley CR, Clarke IN (1993) Sequence and genome organization of a human small round-structured (Norwalk-like) virus. Science 259: 516–519
Lewis DC (1990) Three serotypes of Norwalk-like virus demonstrated by solid-phase immune electron microscopy. J Med Virol 30: 78–81
Lewis D (1991) Norwalk agent and other small round structured viruses in the U.K. J Infect Dis 23: 220–222
Madore HP, Treanor JJ, Pray KA, Dolin R (1986) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for Snow Mountain and Norwalk agents of viral gastroenteritis. J Clin Microbiol 24: 456–459
Morse DL, Guzewich JJ, Hanrahan JP, Stricof R, Shayegani M, Deibel R, Grabau JC, Nowak NA, Herrmann JE, Cukor G, Morse DL, Guzewich JJ, Manrahan JP, Striof R, Shayegani M, Deibel R, Grabau JC, Nowak N, Herrmann JE, Cukor G, Blacklow NR (1986) Widespread outbreaks of clam- and oyster-associated gastroenteritis. Role of Norwalk virus. N Engl J Med 314: 678–681
Okada S, Sekine S, Ando T, Hayeshi Y, Murao M, Yabuuch K, Miki T, Ohashi M (1990) Antigenic characterization of small, round, structured viruses by immune electron microscopy. J Clin Microbiol 28: 1244–1248
Pether JV, Caul EO (1983) An outbreak of food-borne gastroenteritis in two hospitals associated with a Norwalk-like virus. J Hyg 91: 343–350
Sekine S, Okada S, Hayashi Y, Ando T, Terayama T, Yabuuchi K, Miki T, Ohashi M (1989) Prevalence of small round structured virus infections in acute gastroenteritis outbreaks in Tokyo. Microbiol Immunol 33: 207–217
Thornhill TS, Wyatt RG, Kalica AR, Dolin R, Chanock RM, Kapikian AZ (1977) Detection by immune electron microscopy of 26–27 nm viruslike particles associated with two family outbreaks of gastroenteritis. J Infect Dis 135: 20–27
Wang J, Jiang X, Madore P, Gray J, Desselberger U, Ando T, Seto Y, Oishi I, Lew J, Green K, Estes M (1993) Sequence diversity of small round structured viruses in the Norwalk group (submitted)
Wyatt RG, Dolin R, Blacklow NR, Dupont HL, Buscho RF, Thornhill TS, Kapikian AZ, Chanock RM (1974) Comparison of three agents of acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis by cross-challenge in volunteers. J Infect Dis 129: 709–714
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ando, T., Mulders, M.N., Lewis, D.C. et al. Comparison of the polymerase region of small round structured virus strains previously classified in three antigenic types by solid-phase immune electron microscopy. Archives of Virology 135, 217–226 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01309781
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01309781