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Recent developments in antimycotic chemotherapy

Fortschritte der antimykotischen Chemotherapie

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Summary

The need for safe systemic antifungal drugs has been emphasised by the increase in opportunistic systemic mycoses, many of which have iatrogenic origins. 5-Fluorocytosine (5 FC) and the imidazoles miconazole and clotrimazole have been extensively investigated; they have contrasting in vitro and clinical properties. 5 FC is active only against Candida, Cryptocci and other yeast-like fungi; wild strains of these species with resistance to 5 FC are not uncommon, and resistant variants emerge readily under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. Aspergillus spp. and dermatophytes are relatively resistant. Oral administration of 5 FC results in high serum and tissue levels, and there are many reports of its successful clinical use without serious side effects. An intravenous preparation is available. The imidazoles have wide in vitro activity against almost all fungi of medical interest, including Candida spp., Aspergillus spp. and dermatophytes. Wild resistance to them is extremely rare and it is difficult to induce the emergence of resistant variants. Following oral administration, low active serum and urine levels are recorded. Both drugs have been used successfully to treat systemic candidoses and aspergilloses; no serious side effects are recorded following miconazole, but disturbing effects are common following systemic clotrimazole therapy. Both drugs are very successful when used topically and an experimental intravenous preparation of miconazole is now available. The use and prospects for the three drugs is discussed; it is suggested that at present 5 FC is the drug of choice for candidosis and cryptococcosis, providing careful laboratory monitoring is maintained, while clotrimazole or miconazole is preferable in the therapy of lung aspergilloses.

Zusammenfassung

Durch die Zunahme von Systemmykosen, zum Teil iatrogenen Ursprungs, von opportunistisch-pathogenen Pilzen ist die Notwendigkeit wirksamer mykotischer Präparate zusehends gestiegen. Die Antimykotika 5 Fluorocytosin (5 FC), die Imidazole, Miconazol und Clotrimazol sind gründlich untersucht worden; sie weisen unterschiedliche klinische und in vitro-Eigenschaften auf. 5 FC ist nur gegen Candida-Cryptokokken und andere hefeähnliche Pilze wirksam. Die Resistenz von Wildstämmen dieser Arten ist nicht ungewöhnlich, aber auch Resistenzentwicklungen sind zu beobachten. Aspergillen und Dermatophyten sind weitgehend resistent. Die orale Anwendung von 5 FC führt zu hohen Serumspiegeln mit guter klinischer Wirkung, und eine i. v.-Applikation ist auch ohne ernsthafte Nebenerscheinungen durchführbar. Die Imidazole zeigen in vitro eine Breitspektrumwirkung bei allen obengenannten Erregern. Eine natürliche Resistenz gegenüber diesen Präparaten ist extrem selten, und eine Resistenzentwicklung nur schlecht induzierbar. Über die orale Anwendung, geringe Serumaktivität und Urinspiegel wird berichtet. Beide Präparate wurden klinisch erfolgreich bei systemischen Kandidosen und Aspergillosen angewendet, und zwar ohne ernsthafte Nebenerscheinungen bei Miconazol, erhebliche Schwierigkeiten traten aber bei der Clotrimazol-Therapie auf. Beide Drogen erwiesen sich bei lokaler Anwendung sehr wirksam, und i. v. Versuchspräparate von Miconazol stehen nun auch zur Verfügung. Gebrauch und Anwendungsmöglichkeiten werden diskutiert. Gegenwärtig scheint 5 FC bei Kandidosen und Cryptokokken das Mittel der Wahl zu sein. Clotrimazol und Miconazol sind bei Aspergillainfektionen vorzuziehen.

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Holt, R.J. Recent developments in antimycotic chemotherapy. Infection 2, 95–107 (1974). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01642028

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