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Histamine release with intravenous narcotics: Protective effects of H1 and H2-receptor antagonists

Histaminfreisetzung durch intravenöse Narkotika: Protektive Effekte von H1-und H2-Rezeptorantagonisten

  • 6. Prophylaxis And Treatment Of Adverse Reactions And Histamine Release In Anaesthesia And Surgery — H1- And H2-Receptor Antagonists
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Summary

High dose narcotic anesthesia with fentanyl or morphine is not associated with significant direct myocardial depression. Morphine is reported to produce arteriolar dilatation and a decrease in SVR (probably due to histamine release) while fentanyl is not. Studies were undertaken to determine if morphine or fentanyl caused histamine release; if such a release correlated with hemodynamic changes, and if H1 and H2 antagonists could provide protection. In a randomized double blind study of 40 patients in 4 groups, patients who received morphine (1 mg/kg) demonstrated significant increases in plasma histamine (880±163 to 7,437±2,684 pg/ml−p<0.01) accompanied by an increase in CI (2.4±0.2 to 3.0±0.2 l/min/m2p<0.01) and decreases in\(\overline {BP} \) (88±4 to 61±4 torr−p<0.01) and SVR (15.5±1 to 9.0±1 torr-l-min−1 p<0.01). The prior administration of H1 (dyphenhydramine 1 mg/kg) and H2 (cimetidine 4 mg/kg) antagonists provided significant protection (SVR 17.4±1 to 14.6±1 torr-l-min−1p<0.05) although histamine increased comparably (1,059±22 to 7,653±4,242 pg/ml−p<0.05). In a separate study, seven patients receiving fentanyl 50 µg/kg showed no histamine changes (935±51 to 685±51 pg/ml) and no significant hemodynamic response. Eight patients receiving morphine 1 mg/kg again showed significant increases in plasma histamine (880±163 to 7,480±2,230 pg/ml−p<0.05) which collelated with the decrease in SVR (r=0.81). These data demonstrate that morphine releases histamine in amounts which correlate with the hemodynamic changes seen. Prior administration of H1 and H2 histamine antagonists provide significant protection — more so than either alone. Fentanyl produced no histamine release which may account for much of the cardiovascular stability reported with this drug.

Zusammenfassung

Hochdosierte Anästhesie mit Fentanyl oder Morphium ist nicht mit einer bedeutsamen direkten Myokard-Depression assoziiert. Morphine werden in der Literatur als arteriell dilatierend und SVR (systemic vascular resistance) vermindernd beschrieben. Es werden, wahrscheinlich aufgrund von Histaminfreisetzung, dies ist für Fentanyl nicht der Fall, Studien durchgeführt um festzustellen, ob Morphium oder Fentanyl zu Histaminfreisetzung führt, ob eine solche Freisetzung mit hämodynamischen Veränderungen einhergeht und ob H1- und H2-Antagonisten dagegen schützen können. Bei einer randomisierten Doppelblindstudie von 40 Patienten (4 Gruppen) zeigten die Patienten, die nur Morphium (1 mg/kg) erhielten, einen signifikanten Anstieg in der Plasmahistaminkonzentration (880±163 zu 7 437±2 684 pg/ml−p<0.01) zusammen mit einem Anstieg des CI (cardiac index) (2.4±0.2 zu 3.0±0.2 l/min/m2p<0.01), einen mittleren arteriellen Blutdruckabfall (88±4 zu 61±4 Torr−p<0.01) und SVR-Abfall (15.5±1 zu 9.0±1 Torr-l-min-−1,p<0.01). Die Gabe von H1-(Dyphenhydramin 1 mg/kg) und H2-(Cimetidin 4 mg/kg) Antagonisten vor der Morphiumgabe führte zu einer signifikanten Protektion (SVR 17.4±1 zu 14.6±1 Torr-l-min−1p<0.05), obwohl der Histamingehalt vergleichsweise anstieg (1 059±22 zu 7 653±4 242 pg/ml−p<0.05). In einer anderen Studie zeigten 7 Patienten, die Fentanyl (50 µg/kg) erhielten, keine Änderung im Histaminspiegel (935±51 zu 685±51 pg/ml) und keine signifikanten hämodynamischen Reaktionen. 8 Patienten, die Morphium (1 mg/kg) erhielten, zeigten wiederum einen signifikanten Anstieg im Plasmahistaminspiegel (880±163 zu 7 480±2 230 pg/ml−p<0.05), welcher mit einem Abfall in SVR korrelierte (r=0.81).

Diese Daten zeigten, daß Morphium Histamin in solchen Mengen freisetzt, die mit den beobachteten hämodynamischen Veränderungen korrelieren. Vorherige Gabe von H1- und H2-Histaminantagonisten stellen einen signifikanten Schutz dar — mehr als eines von beiden alleine gegeben. Fentanyl führt zu keiner Histaminfreisetzung, welches der in der Literatur geschilderten kardiovaskulären Stabilität dieses Arzneimittels Rechnung trägt.

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Philbin, D.M., Moss, J., Rosow, C.E. et al. Histamine release with intravenous narcotics: Protective effects of H1 and H2-receptor antagonists. Klin Wochenschr 60, 1056–1059 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01716971

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