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The correlation between education and earnings: What does it signify?

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We seem to be ignorant in our understanding of the determinants of the derived demand for labor with different amounts of schooling.

It is clear that, in general, employers offer higher pay to more highly educated workers, but our knowledge of what elements or ingredients of schooling make people more productive is scanty.

Is it what they have learned in school, as measured by test scores? Or is schooling valuable for the patterns and modes of thought and behavior it develops in people? Or does schooling merely serve as a screening device that identifies the more able, highly motivated young people in our society?Lee Hansen (1970)

Abstract

This paper examines three alternative explanation of the basic finding that amounts of education and personal earnings are positively correlated in some 30 countries studied. Arbitrarily labelled (1) the “economic”, (2) the “sociological” and (3) the “psychological” explanation, (1) argues that better-educated people earn more because education imparts vocationally useful skills that are in scarce supply; (2) propounds that they do so either because length of schooling is itself correlated with social class origins or because education disseminates definite social values which are prized by the ruling elite of a society; (3) contends that education merely selects people in accordance with their native abilities and, obviously, abler people earn more than less able ones.

The question is asked: Are these really conflicting explanations? It is concluded that a proper appreciation of the economic explanation in fact assimilates the other two. In a perfectly competitive labour market, earnings will necessarily reflect the relative scarcity of “vocationally useful skills”, and the vocational skills must include the possession of values and drives appropriate to an industrial environment. In the absence of competitive pressures, however, earnings may reflect purely conventional hiring practices. In the final analysis, therefore, the question posed by the paper highes on the strength of competitive forces in the labour markets. The question whether education contributes to economic growth turns out likewise to depend on the presence or absence of competitive labour markets.

An analysis is made of the internal logic of the three explanations. Also examined is the small quantity of direct evidence available on the link between education and the productivity of workers. An attempt is made to view familiar questions from a new angle and to relate the education-causes-growth debate to contentious issues in the field of educational planning.

Résumé

Cette étude examine trois explications possibles d'un fait fondamental: dans la trentaine de pays sur lesquels a porté l'investigation, le niveau d'éducation est en relation étroite avec le salaire des individus. (1) L'explication “économique” revient à dire que les individus à fort niveau d'instruction gagnent davantage parce que l'éducation procure les compétences techniques qui sont aujourd'hui les plus rares. (2) L'explication “sociologique” explique le même phénomène par le fait que la longueur de la scolarité est elle-même fonction de l'origine de classe, ou par le fait que l'éducation diffuse les valeurs sociales les plus valorisées par l'élite dirigeante de la société. (3) L'explication “psychologique” affirme que l'éducation ne fait que sélectionner les individus selon leurs aptitudes innées, en sorte que les plus capables gagnent plus que ceux qui le sont moins.

On se demande si ces explications sont vraiment contradictoires. On montre qu'une appréciation adéquate de l'explication économique implique les deux autres. Sur un marché de travail, où jouerait une concurrence pure, les salaires indiqueraient nécessairement la rareté relative des “compétences techniques qui sont professionnellement utiles”; d'autre part la compétence professionelle devrait comprendre la possession des valeurs et des motivations qui conviennent au milieu industriel. Mais, en l'absence d'une concurrence pressante, il peut se faire que les salaires se fondent sur des estimations purement conventionnelles. En définitive, la force de la concurrence sur le marché du travail est le pivot de la question. La question de savoir si l'éducation contribue à l'expansion économique renvoie-t-elle aussi à la présence ou à l'absence de rivalité sur les marchés du travail.

On procède à une analyse de la logique interne des trois explications. On examine aussi les quelques données disponibles qui pourraient prouver la liaison entre l'éducation et la productivité des ouvriers. On essaie de renouveler ces questions en mettant en rapports le débat de l'éducation et de la croissance avec les questions débattues dans le domaine de la planification de l'enseignement.

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Blaug, M. The correlation between education and earnings: What does it signify?. High Educ 1, 53–76 (1972). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01956881

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