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Rheological behaviour of human joints

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Summary

Human joints have been studied for many years, and this paper reports work carried out to investigate their remarkable lubricating qualities from an engineerring aspect.

Friction measurements were used to indicate the occurrence of different types of lubrication when using specimens of articular cartilage lubricated with synovial fluid. It was found that hyaluronic acid acted as an efficient boundary lubricant, but that low friction was produced in joints only when there was a full film of fluid between the sliding surfaces.

This film, set up by joint movements under light load, would be maintained by a powerful squeeze film mechanism under heavy loads such as endured in walking or standing. The efficiency of this squeeze film depended on the undulations on the cartilage surface, (measured by stylus tracing methods), entrapping pools of synovial fluid which subsequently became enriched and gel-like by a filtration mechanism, under the action of the loads.

Zusammenfassung

Menschliche Gelenke sind viele Jahre lang untersucht worden. Diese Arbeit berichtet über Untersuchungen, die wesentliche Schmierungseigenschaften vom Standpunkt des Ingenieurs betrachten. Reibungsmessungen dienen dazu, das Auftreten verschiedener Reibungszustände nachzuweisen, wenn Proben von Gelenk-Knorpeln mit einer Synovial-Flüssigkeit geschmiert werden. Dabei erweist sich die Hyaluron-Säure als ein wirksames Grenzschmiermittel. Allerdings wird diese niedrige Reibung in den Gelenken nur erzeugt, wenn ein geschlossener Flüssigkeitsfilm zwischen den gleitenden Oberflächen vorhanden ist.

Dieser Film, durch die Gelenke unter geringer Belastung erzeugt, wird durch einen kräftigen Preßfilm-Mechanismus bei starker Belastung, wie sie beim Laufen oder Stehen entsteht, unterstützt. Die Wirksamkeit des Preßfilms hängt von der Welligkeit der Knorpeloberfläche ab (gemessen mit Taststiftmethoden), weiterhin von eingeschlossenen Synovial-Flüssigkeitsmengen, die unter einer Belastungseinwirkung durch einen Filtermechanismus angereichert und gelartig werden.

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Abbreviations

η :

Fluid viscosity

V :

Sliding velocity

H :

Fluid film thickness

r :

Radius of curvature

E :

Young's modulus of elasticity

d :

Contact area diameter

W :

Load applied

ho, h :

Initial and final film thickness

References

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Walker, P.S., Dowson, D., Longfield, M.D. et al. Rheological behaviour of human joints. Rheol Acta 8, 234–239 (1969). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01984665

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01984665

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