Summary
An investigation of the toxigenicity of moulds recovered from domestic cereal and legume crops is described. Two hundred and twenty-eight mould strains, representing 59 species, were tested by feeding Pekin ducklings on maize meal infected with pure cultures. Forty-six strains, representing 22 species, caused death within 14 days. These 22 species were subsequently fed to weaned white mice and rats. Seven of these species caused death within 14 days, 6 showed less severe toxic effects while the remaining 9 gave no signs of acute poisoning in the animals.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allcroft, R. &Carnaghan, R. B. A. 1963. Toxic products in groundnuts I. Biological effects. Chem. & Indust. 12th Jan. 1963.
Anon 1963. Moldy peanuts and liver cancers. J. Amer. med. Ass.184: 57.
Burnside, J. E., Sippel, W. L., Forgacs, J., Carll, W. T., Atwood, M. B. &Doll, E. R. 1957. A disease of swine and cattle caused by eating moldy corn II. Experimental production with pure cultures of molds. Amer. J. vet. Res.18: 817–824.
Butler, W. H. 1964. Experimental toxicity and carcinogenicity of aflatoxin. Paper presented at the Symposium on “Mycotoxins in Foodstuffs”, March 18th and 19th 1964, held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (Mass.), U.S.A.
Carll, W. J., Forgacs, J. &Herring, A. S. 1954. Toxicity of fungi isolated from a food concentrate. Amer. J. Hyg.60: 8–14.
Carll, W. T., Forgacs, J., Herring, A. S. &Mahlandt, B. G. 1955. Toxicity ofAspergillus fumigatus substrates to animals. Vet. Med.50: 210–212.
Coady, A. 1964. Aflatoxin. Brit. med. J.1: 1510.
Christensen, C. M. 1957. Deterioration of stored grains by fungi. Bot. Rev.23: 108–134.
Davidson, C. S. 1963. Plants and fungi as etiologic agents of cirrhosis. New Eng. J. Med.268: 1072–1073.
Food enrichment in South Africa—a study of principles of food enrichment and their application to food policy in South Africa, with special reference to the use of fish flour for the protein enrichment of bread. 1959. C.S.I.R. Research Report 172, South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria.
Forgacs, J. &Carll, W. T. 1962. Mycotoxicoses. Adv. vet. Sci.7: 273–382.
Forgacs, J., Herring, A. S. &Mahlandt, B. G. 1954. A toxicA spergillus clavatus isolated from feed pellets. Amer. J. Hyg.60: 15–26.
Forgacs, J., Koch, H., Carll, W. T. &White-Stevens, R. H. 1958. Additional studies on the relationship of mycotoxicoses to the poultry hemorrhagic syndrome. Amer. J. vet. Res.19: 744–753.
Harkness, W. D., Loving, W. L. &Hodges, F. A. 1950–51. Pyrexia in rabbits following the injection of typical mold cultures. J. Amer. pharm. Ass. Sci. ed.39–40: 502–504.
Hoyman, W. G. 1941. Concentration and characterization of the emetic principle present in barley infected withGibberella saubenetti. Phytopath.31: 871–885.
Iizuka, H. &Iida, M. 1962. Maltoryzine, a new toxic metabolite produced by a strain ofAspergillus oryzae var.microsporus isolated from the poisonous malt sprout. Nature, Lond.196: 681–682.
Joffe, A. Z. 1962. Biological properties of some toxic fungi isolated from overwintered cereals. Mycopathol. et Mycol. Appl.16: 202–221.
Joffe, A. Z. 1964. Toxin production by cereal fungi causing toxic alimentary aleukia in man. Paper presented at the Symposium on “Mycotoxins in Foodstuffs”, March 18th and 19th, 1964, held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (Mass.) U.S.A.
Kraybill, H. F. &Shimkin, M. B. 1964. Carcinogenesis related to foods contaminated by processing and fungal merabolites. Advances in Cancer Research8: 191–284.
Levitskii, B. G. &Koniukhova, V. B. 1947. O toksichnosti kormov porazenni banalii plesenyani (On the toxicity of feed contaminated with common fungi). Veterinaria24: 40–43. (Cited byForgacs &Carll, 1962).
Mitchell, D. T. 1918. A condition produced in cattle feeding on maize infected withDiplodia zeae. 7th & 8th Reports of the Director of Veterinary Research, U. of S.A. 1918: 425–437.
Miyake, M., Saito, M., Enomoto, M., Shikato, T. &Ishiko, T. 1960. Toxic liver injuries and liver cirrhosis induced in mice and rats through long term feeding withPenicillium islandicum Sopp-growing rice. Acta path. Jap.10: 75–123.
Oettlé, A. G. 1964. Cancer in Africa, especially in regions South of the Sahara. J. Nat. Cancer Inst.33: 383–439.
Prentice, N. 1959. Production of emetic material by species ofFusarium. Nature, Lond.184: 1319.
Sargeant, K. &Carnaghan, R. B. A. 1963. Groundnut toxicity in poultry: Experimental and chemical aspects. Brit. vet. J.119: 178–184.
Sargeant, K., Sheridan, A., O'Kelly, J. &Carnaghan, R. B. A. 1961. Toxicity associated with certain samples of groundnuts. Nature, Lond.192: 1096–1097.
Steyn, D. G. 1933. Fungi in relation to health in man and animals. Onderstepoort J. vet. Sci.1: 183–212.
Stobb, M., Baldwin, R. S., Tuite, J., Andrews, F. N. &Gillette, K. G. 1962. Isolation of an anabolic, uterotrophic compound from corn infected withGibberella zeae. Nature, Lond.196: 1318.
Theiler, A. 1927. Die Diplodiosis der Rinder und Schafe in Südafrika. Dtsch. tierärztl. Wschr.35: 395–399.
Watt, J. M. &Breyer-Brandwijk, M. G. 1962. The medicinal and poisonous plants of southern and eastern Africa. E. & S. Livingstone Ltd. Edinburgh and London.
Wilson, B. J. &Wilson, C. H. 1961. Oxalate formation in moldy foodstuffs as a possible factor in livestock toxic disease. Amer. J. vet. Res.22: 461–969.
Wilson, B. J. &Wilson, C. H. 1964. Toxin fromAspergillus flavus: Production on food materials of a substance causing tremors in mice. Science.144: 177–178.
Woronin, M. 1891. Über das “Taumelgetreide” in Süd-Ussurien. Bot. Z.49: 81–93.
Yamamoto, T. 1954. Studies on the poison-producing mold isolated from dry malt. J. pharm. Soc. Japan74: 797–801.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
De Scott, B. Toxigenic fungi isolated from cereal and legume products. Mycopathologia et Mycologia Applicata 25, 213–222 (1965). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02049914
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02049914