Abstract
The thermal phase transformation of the iron-manganese phase of the Pacific Ocean manganese nodules were studied by the differential thermal and X-ray diffraction methods. X-ray powder patterns of the heated samples at the temperature of 600°C to 1000°C show the occurrence of hematite, bixbyite and cubic and tetragonal (Fe, Mn)3O4. Bixbyite produced by the heat treatment of the iron-manganese phase gives an abnormal X-ray pattern in comparison with the standard sample of bixbyite. Cubic (Fe, Mn)3O4 is produced not only by the reaction of bixbyite with hematite over 900°C, but also at the lower temperature, such as 600°C. While, tetragonal (Fe, Mn)3O4 is a reaction product of cubic (Fe, Mn)3O4 with bixbyite over 900°C in the case of manganese rich nodules. The species and quantities of the products after the heat treatment are assumed to be mostly influenced by the relative contents of iron and manganese in the manganese nodule.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Thomson, C. W. (1874): Preliminary notes on the nature of the sea bottom produced by soundings of H.M.S. “Challenger”. Proc. Roy. Soc. (London),A23, 32–49.
Murray, J. (1876): Preliminary report on specimens of the sea bottom. Proc. Roy. Soc. (London),A24, 471–532.
Cronan, D. S. andJ. S. Tooms (1969): The geochemistry of manganese nodules and associated pelagic deposits from the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Deep-Sea Res.,16, 335–359.
(1970):26, 151–158.
Price, N. B. andS. E. Calvert (1970): Compositional variation in Pacific Ocean ferromanganese nodules and its relationship to sediment accumulation rates. Marine Geol.,9, 145–171.
Skornyakova, N. S. (1970): Iron-manganese concretions in the Pacific Ocean. “Sedimentation in the Pacific Ocean”, Nauka, Moscow, 203–268 (in Russian).
Hariya, Y. (1961): Mineralogical studies on manganese dioxide and hydroxide minerals in Hokkaido, Japan. J. Fac. Sci. Hokkaido Univ., Ser. IV, Geol. Mineral.,10, 641–702.
Smith, R. E., J. D. Gassaway andH. N. Giles (1968): Iron-manganese nodules from Nares Abyssal Plain: Geochemistry and mineralogy. Science,161, 780–781.
Andrushchenko, P.F. andN.S. Skorhyakova (1969): The textures and mineral composition of iron-maganese concretions from the southern part of the Pacific Ocean. Oceanology,9, 229–242.
(1970):17, 111–114.
(1968): (I)60, 47–56.
(1969): (II) 3m61, 41∼49.
Yoshimura, T. (1934): “Todorokite”, a new manganese mineral from the Todoroki mine, Hokkaido, Japan. J. Fac. Sci. Hokkaido Univ., Ser. IV, Geol. Mineral.,2, 289–297.
Mcmurdie, H. F. (1944): Microscopic and diffraction studies on dry cells and their raw materials. Trans. Electrochem. Soc.,68, 313–326.
(1961):45, 49–53.
(1961):45, 219–230.
(1956):2, 431–446.
Finch, G. I., A. P. B. Sinha andK. P. Sinha (1957): Crystal distortion in ferrite-manganites. Proc. Roy. Soc. (London),A242, 28–35.
Muan, A. (1959): Phase equilibria in the system manganese oxide-SiO2 in air. Am. J. Sci.,257, 297–315.
Mason, B. (1947): Mineralogical aspects of the system Fe3O4-Mn3O4-ZnFe2O4. Am. Mineral.,32, 426–441.
Muan, A. andS. Somiya (1962): The system iron oxide—manganese oxide in air. Am. J. Sci.,260, 230–240.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Okada, A., Minakuchi, T. & Shima, M. Study on the manganese nodule V. Thermal studies of the iron-manganese phase. Journal of the Oceanographical Society of Japan 28, 39–47 (1972). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02109719
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02109719