Skip to main content
Log in

Caddoan Area archaeology since 1990

  • Published:
Journal of Archaeological Research Aims and scope

Abstract

This paper summarizes recent archaeological research efforts, and changing perspectives, about the native history of the Caddo peoples who lived in the Caddoan Archaeological Area, which centers on the Great Bend of the Red River in Oklahoma, Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana. Of particular focus are the origins and early developments of the Caddoan tradition, regional diversity, subsistence changes and agricultural intensification, sociopolitical dynamics, and Caddoan-European interaction.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References cited

  • Anderson, D. G. (1994).The Savannah River Chiefdoms: Political Change in the Late Prehistoric Southeast, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, D. G., Stahle, D. W., and Cleaveland, M. K. (1995). Paleoclimate and the potential food reserves of Mississippian societies: A case study from the Savannah River Valley.American Antiquity 60(2): 258–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armelagos, G. J., and Hill, M. C. (1991). An evaluation of the biocultural consequences of the Mississippian transformation. In Dye, D. H., and Cox, C. A. (eds.),Towns and Temples Along the Mississippi, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 16–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, R. E. (ed.) (1984).Prehistory of Oklahoma, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bense, J. A. (1994).Archaeology of the Southeastern United States, Academic Press, San Diego.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blake, L. W. (1986). Corn and other plants from prehistory into history in eastern United States. In Dye, D. H., and Brister, R. C. (eds.),The Protohistoric Period in the Mid-South: 1500–1700, Archaeological Report, No 18, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson, pp. 3–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolton, H. E. (ed.) (1914).Athanase de Mézières and the Louisiana-Texas Frontier, 1768–1780, 2 vols., Clark, Cleveland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolton, H. E. (1987).The Hasinais: Southern Caddoans as Seen by the Earliest Europeans, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brewington, R. L., Dockall, J. E., and Shafer, H. J. (1995).Archaeology of 41MX5: A Late Prehistoric Caddoan Hamlet in Morris County, Texas, Reports of Investigations No. 1. Center for Environmental Archaeology, Texas A&M University, College Station.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, R. L. (1994). Warfare on the Southern Plains. In Owsley, D. W., and Jantz, R. L. (eds.),Skeletal Biology in the Great Plains: Migration, Warfare, Health, and Subsistence, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 317–323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, R. L. (1995). The Arkansas River Valley: A new paradigm, revisionist perspectives, and the archaeological record. Paper presented at the 1995 Caddo Conference, Austin, TX.

  • Brown, I. W. (1994). Recent trends in the archaeology of the southeastern United States.Journal of Archaeological Research 2(1): 45–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J. A. (1971). The dimensions of status in the burials at Spiro. In Brown, J. A. (ed.),Approaches to the Social Dimensions of Mortuary Practices, Memoir 25, Society for American Archaeology, Washington, DC, pp. 92–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J. A. (1983). Spiro exchange connections revealed by sources of imported raw materials. In Wyckoff, D. G., and Hofman, J. L. (eds.),Southeastern Natives and Their Pasts, Studies in Oklahoma's Past, No. 11, Oklahoma Archeological Survey, Norman, pp. 129–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J. A. (1989). On style divisions of the southeastern ceremonial complex — A revisionist perspective. In Galloway, P. (ed.),Southern Ceremonial Complex, Artifacts and Analysis: The Cottonlandia Conference, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp. 183–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J. A. (1992). Is the Caddoan area part of the Southeast? Paper presented at the 49th Annual Meeting of the Southeastern Archaeological Conference, Little Rock, AR.

  • Brown, J. A. (1996). The Spiro ceremonial center: The archaeology of Arkansas valley Caddoan culture in eastern Oklahoma, memoirs of the museum of Anthropology number 29. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J. A. (1992). Is the Caddoan area part of the Southeast? Paper presented at the 49th Annual Meeting of the Southeastern Archaeological Conference, Little Rock, AR.

  • Brown, J. A. (1996). The Spiro ceremonial center: The archaeology of Arkansas valley Caddoan culture in eastern Oklahoma, memoirs of the museum of Anthropology number 29. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J. A. (1995). Temporal trends in ceramics of the north Caddoan area. Paper presented at the 1995 Caddo Conference, Austin, TX.

  • Brown, J. A., Kerber, R. A., and Winters, H. D. (1990). Trade and the evolution of exchange relations at the beginning of the Mississippian Period. In Smith, B. D. (ed.),The Mississippian Emergence, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 251–280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruseth, J. E. (1991). Hudnall-Pirtle site (41RK4): An early Caddoan mound complex in northeast Texas.Caddoan Archeology Newsletter II(3): 9–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruseth, J. E. (1995). The development of Caddoan polities along the middle Red River Valley of eastern Texas and Oklahoma. Ms. on file with the author.

  • Bruseth, J. E., and Perttula, T. K. (1981).Prehistoric Settlement Patterns at Lake Fork Reservoir, Texas Antiquities Permit Series Report No. 2. Southern Methodist University, Dallas Texas Antiquities Committee, Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruseth, J. E., Wilson, D. E., and Perttula, T. K. (1995). The Sanders site: A Spiroan entrepot in Texas?Plains Anthropologist 40(153): 223–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buikstra, J. E., Antry, W., Brietburg, E., Eisneberg, L., and van der Merwe, N. (1988). Diet and health in the Nashville basin: Human adaptation and maize agriculture in the middle Tennessee. In Kennedy, B., and Le Moine, G. M. (eds.),Diet and Subsistence: Current Archaeological Perspectives, Proceedings of the 19th Chacmool Conference, University of Calgary, Calgary, pp. 243–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burnett, B. A. (1988). The bioarcheological synthesis. In Sabo, G., III, Early, A. M., Rose, J. C., Burnett, B. A., Harcourt, J., and Vogele, L., Jr. (eds.),Human Adaptation in the Ozark-Ouachita Mountains, Research Series No. 31, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville, pp. 193–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burnett, B. A. (1990a). The bioarcheological synthesis of the eastern portion of the Gulf Coastal Plain. In Story, D. A., Guy, J. A., Burnett, B. A., Rose, J. C., Freeman, M. D., Steele, D. G., Reinhard, K. J., and Olive, B. W. (eds.),The Archeology and Bioarcheology of the Gulf Coastal Plain, Research Series No. 38, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville, pp. 385–418.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burnett, B. A. (1990b). The bioarcheology of the Hardman site (3CL418): Prehistoric and protohistoric Caddoan sample. In Williams, I., and Early, A. M. (eds.),Hardman (3CL418): A Prehistoric Salt Processing Site, Project Report No. 642, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville, pp. 11-1–11-147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burnett, B. A. (1993). Adaptive efficiency of Arkansas populations. In Early, A. M. (ed.),Caddoan Saltmakers in the Ouachita Valley: The Hardman Site, Research Series No. 43, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville, pp. 187–223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burnett, B. A., and Murray, K. A. (1993). Death, drought, and de Soto: The bioarchaeology of depopulation. In Young, G. A., and Hoffman, M. P. (eds.),The Expedition of Hernando de Soto West of the Mississippi, 1541–1543: Proceedings of the De Soto Symposia, 1988 and 1990, University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville, pp. 227–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter, M. E. (1994). Presentation at Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act Compliance Workshop. Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Nov.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter, M. E. (1995).Caddo History: Where We Come from, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chafe, W. (1993). Caddo names in the de Soto documents. In Young, G. A., and Hoffman, M. P. (eds.),The Expedition of Hernando de Soto West of the Mississippi, 1541–1543: Proceedings of the De Soto Symposia, 1988 and 1990, University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville, pp. 68–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chipman, D. E. (1995). Alonso de Leon: Pathfinder in east Texas, 1686–1690.East Texas Historical Journal 33: 3–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, J. W., and Ivey, J. E. (1974).Archaeological and Historical Investigations at Martin Lake, Rusk and Panola Counties, Texas, Research Report No. 32, Texas Archeological Survey, Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clayton, L. A., Knight, V. J., Jr., and Moore, E.C. (eds.) (1993).The De Soto Chronicles: The Expedition of Hernando de Soto to North America in 1539–1543 (2 vols.), University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, M. B., and Bousman, C. B. (1993). Quaternary paleoenvironments in northeast Texas. In Kenmotsu, N. A., and Perttula, T. K. (eds.),Archeology in the Eastern Planning Region, Texas: A Planning Document, Cultural Resource Management Series 3, Texas Historical Commission, Department of Antiquities Protection, Austin, pp. 49–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crane, C. J. (1982). Plant utilization at Spoonbill, an early Caddo site in northeast Texas.Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 7: 81–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crane, C. J. (1989). Archeobotanical remains. In Moir, R. W., McGregor, D. E., and Jurney, D. H. (eds.),Archeological Investigations at Cooper Lake: 1987 Season Report, Review draft. Archaeology Research Program, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, pp. G-1–G-13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Creel, D. G. (1991). Bison hides in late prehistoric exchange in the southern plains.American Antiquity 56: 40–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cruse, J. B. (1995). Archeological investigations at the Oak Hill Village site (41RK214): A middle Caddoan settlement in Rusk County, Texas. Paper presented at the 3rd East Texas Archeological Conference, Tyler.

  • Cutler, H. C., and Blake, L. W. (1973).Plants from Archeological Sites East of the Rockies, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, E. M. (1970). Archaeological and historical assessment of the Red River basin in Texas. In Davis, H. A. (ed.),Archaeological and Historical Resources of the Red River Basin, Research Series No. 1, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville, pp. 25–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dering, J. P. (1993). Macrobotanical analysis of samples from four Woodland and Caddoan period sites in the Cooper Lake area of the upper Sulphur River. In Fields, R. C., Gadus, E. F., Klement, L. W., Bousman, C. B., and McLerran, J. B. (eds.),Excavations at the Tick, Spike, Johns Creek, and Peerless Bottoms Sites, Cooper Lake Project, Delta & Hopkins Counties, Texas, Reports of Investigations, No. 91, Prewitt and Associates, Inc., Austin, pp. 335–355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dye, D. H. (1990). Warfare in the sixteenth-century Southeast: The de Soto expedition in the interior. In Thomas, D. H. (ed.),Columbian Consequences, Volume 2, Archaeological and Historical Perspectives on the Spanish Borderlands East, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 211–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Early, A. M. (1988).Standridge: Caddoan Settlement in a Mountain Environment, Research Series No. 29, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Early, A. M. (1989). Profiteers and public archaeology: Antiquities trafficking in Arkansas. In Messenger, P. M. (ed.),The Ethics of Collecting Cultural Property: Whose Culture? Whose Property?, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, pp. 39–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Early, A. M. (1993a) Hardman and Caddoan saltmaking. In Early, A. M. (ed.),Caddoan Saltmakers in the Ouachita Valley: The Hardman Site, Research Series No. 43, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville, pp. 223–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Early, A. M. (1993b). Finding the Middle Passage: The Spanish journey from the swamplands to Caddo country. In Young, G. A., and Hoffman, M. P. (eds.),The Expedition of Hernando de Soto West of the Mississippi, 1541–1543: Proceedings of the De Soto Symposia, 1988 and 1990, University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville, pp. 68–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fagan, B. M. (1991).Ancient North America: The Archaeology of a Continent, Thames and Hudson, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fagan, B. M. (1995). Perhaps we may hear voices ... InSave the Past for the Future II: Report of the Working Conference, Society for American Archaeology, Washington, DC, pp. 25–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fields, R. C., Gadus, E. F., Klement, L. W., Bousman, C. B., and McLerran, J. B. (1993).Excavations at the Tick, Spike, Johns Creek, and Peerless Bottoms Sites, Cooper Lake Project, Delta and Hopkins Counties, Texas, Reports of Investigations No. 91, Prewitt and Associates, Inc., Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ford, J. A. (1936).An Analysis of Indian Village Site Collections from Louisiana and Mississippi, Anthropological Study 2, Department of Conservation, Louisiana Geological Survey, Baton Rouge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ford, J. A. (1951).Greenhouse: A Troyville-Coles Creek Period Site in Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana, Anthropological Papers 44(1), American Museum of Natural History, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ford, J. A., and Willey, G. R. (1941). An Interpretation of the prehistory of the eastern United States.American Anthropologist 43: 325–363.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foster, W. C. (1995).Spanish Expeditions into Texas, 1689–1768, University of Texas Press, Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, W. C., and Baumgartner, D. (1992).Spanish Expeditions Through Central Texas 1689–1768: A Commentary on Jack Jackson's Maps, DeWitt County Historical Commission and Gonzales County Historical Commission, privately printed, Austin.

  • Foster, W. C., and Jackson, J. (eds.), and Brierly, N. F. (trans.) (1993). The 1693 expedition of Governor Gregorio de Salinas Varona to sustain the missionaries among the Tejas Indians.Southwestern Historical Quarterly 97(2): 264–311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritz, G. J. (1986).Prehistoric Ozark Agriculture: The University of Arkansas Rockshelter Collections, Ph.D. dissertation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritz, G. J. (1989). Evidence of plant use from Copple Mound at the Spiro site. In Rogers, J. D., Wyckoff, D. G., and Peterson, D. A. (eds.),Contributions to Spiro Archeology: Mound Excavations and Regional Perspectives, Studies in Oklahoma's Past, No. 16, Oklahoma Archeological Survey, Norman, pp. 65–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritz, G. J. (1990). Multiple pathways to farming in precontact eastern North America.Journal of World Prehistory 4: 387–435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fritz, G. J. (1990a). Archeobotanical remains from the Dirst site, Buffalo National River, Arkansas. In Sabo, G., III, Guendling, R. L., Limp, W. F., Guccione, M. J., Scott, S. L., Fritz, G. J., and Smith, P. A.,Archeological Investigations at 3MR80-Area D in the Rush Development Area, Buffalo National River, Arkansas, Vol. I, Professional Papers No. 38, National Park Service, Southwest Regional Office, Division of Anthropology, Southwest Cultural Resources Center, Santa Fe, NM, pp. 153–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritz, G. J. (1990b). Agricultural patterning in the northern Caddoan archaeological region. Paper presented at the 55th meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Las Vegas, NV.

  • Fritz, G. J. (1992). “Newer,” “better” maize and the Mississippian emergence: A critique of prime mover explanations. In Woods, W. I. (ed.),Late Prehistoric Agriculture: Observations from the Midwest, Studies in Illinois Archaeology No. 8, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, Springfield, pp. 19–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritz, G. J. (1993). Archeobotanical analysis. In Early, A. M. (ed.),Caddoan Saltmakers in the Ouachita Valley: The Hardman Site, Research Series No. 43, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville, pp. 159–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritz, G. J. (1994). In color and in time: Prehistoric Ozark agriculture. In Green, W. (ed.),Agricultural Origins and Development in the Midcontinent, Office of the State Archeologist, University of Iowa, Iowa City, pp. 105–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritz, G. J., and Kidder, T. R. (1993). Recent investigations into prehistoric agriculture in the lower Mississippi Valley.Southeastern Archaeology 12(1): 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritz, G. J., and Smith, B. D. (1988). Old collections and new technology: Documenting the domestication ofChenopodium in eastern North America.Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 13: 3–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galinat, W. (1985). Domestication and diffusion of maize. In Ford, R. I. (ed.),Prehistoric Food Production in North America, Anthropological Papers 75. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, pp. 245–278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galloway, P. K. (1993). Ethnohistory. In Johnson, J. K. (ed.),The Development of Southeastern Archaeology, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 78–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, P. S. (1994). Plant remains. In Kelley, D. B. (ed.),The McLelland and Joe Clark Sites: Protohistoric-Historic Caddoan Farmsteads in Southern Bossier Parish, Louisiana, Coastal Environments, Inc., Baton Rouge, pp. 189–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, H. F. (1973).Eighteenth-Century Caddoan Archaeology: A Study in Models and Interpretation, Ph.D. dissertation, Southern Methodist University, Dallas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, H. F. (1980). The doctor and caddology: Dr. Clarence H. Webb's contribution to Caddo archaeology. In Gibson, J. L. (ed.), Caddoan and poverty point archaeology: Essays in honor of Clarence Hungerford Webb.Louisiana Archaeology 6: 19–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, J. B. (1950). Review of “The George C. Davis Site” by H. Perry Newell and Alex D. Krieger.American Anthropologist 52: 413–415.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, J. B. (1952). An interpretation of the place of Spiro in southeastern archaeology.The Missouri Archaeologist 14: 89–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, J. B. (1990). Comments on the late prehistoric societies in the Southeast. In Dye, D. H., and Cox, C. A. (eds.),Towns and Temples Along the Mississippi, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 5–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffith, W. J. (1954).The Hasinai Indians of East Texas as Seen by Europeans, 1687–1772, Middle American Research Institute, Philological and Documentary Studies, Volume 2, No. 3, Tulane University, New Orleans.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, D. L. (1995). Observations on Caddoan burial practices at the Sanders site. M. on file with the author.

  • Harmon, A. M., and Rose, J. C. (1989). Bioarcheology of the Louisiana and Arkansas study area. In Jeter, M. D., Williams, G. I., Rose, J. C., and Harmon, A. M. (eds.),Archeology and Bioarcheology of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Trans-Mississippi South in Arkansas and Louisiana, Research Series No. 37, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville, pp. 323–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrington, M. R. (1920).Certain Caddo Sites in Arkansas, Indian Notes and Monographs, Miscellaneous Series, Vol. 10, Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hastorf, C. A., and Johannessen, S. (1994). Becoming corn-eaters in prehistoric America. In Johannessen, S., and Hastorf, C. A. (eds.),Corn and Culture in the Prehistoric New World, Westview Press, Boulder, CO., pp. 427–443.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, M. P. (1983). Changing Mortuary Patterns in the Little River region, Arkansas. In Wyckoff, D. G., and Hofman, J. L. (eds.),Southeastern Natives and their Pasts, Studies in Oklahoma's Past No. 11, Oklahoma Archeological Survey, Norman, pp. 163–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, M. P. (1993). Identification of ethnic groups contacted by the de Soto expedition in Arkansas. In Young, G. A., and Hoffman, M. P. (eds.),The Expedition of Hernando de Soto West of the Mississippi, 1541–1543: Proceedings of the De Soto Symposia, 1988 and 1990, University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville, pp. 132–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, C. (1993). Reconstructing the de Soto expedition route west of the Mississippi River: Summary and contents. In Young, G. A., and Hoffman, M. P. (eds.),The Expedition of Hernando de Soto West of the Mississippi, 1541–1543: Proceedings of the De Soto Symposia, 1988 and 1990, University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville, pp. 143–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, C., and Tesser, C. C. (eds.) (1994).The Forgotten Centuries: Indians and Europeans in the American South 1521–1704, University of Georgia Press, Athens.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, J., and Foster, W. C. (eds.) (1995).Imaginary Kingdom: Texas as Seen by the Rivera and Rubí Military Expeditions, 1727 and 1767, Texas State Historical Association, Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeter, M. D., Rose, J. C., Williams, G. I., and Harmon, A. M. (1989).Archeology and Bioarcheology of the Lower Mississippi Valley and the Trans-Mississippi South in Arkansas and Louisiana, Research Series No. 37, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johannessen, S. (1989). Plant remains and culture change: Are paleoethnobotanical data better than we think? In Hastorf, C. A., and Popper, V. S. (eds.),Current Paleoethnobotany: Analytical Methods and Cultural Interpretations of Archaeological Plant Remains, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 145–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johannessen, S. (1993a). Food, dishes, and society in the Mississippi Valley. In Scarry, C. M. (ed.),Foraging and Farming in the Eastern Woodlands, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 182–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johannessen, S. (1993b). Farmers of the late Woodland. In Scarry, C. M. (ed.),Foraging and Farming in the Eastern Woodlands, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 57–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, L., and Goode, G. T. (1994). A new try at dating and characterizing Holocene climates, as well as archeological periods, on the eastern Edwards Plateau.Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society 65: 1–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Josephy, A. M., Jr. (1994).500 Nations: An Illustrated History of North American Indians, Alfred A. Knopf, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joseph, A. M., Jr. (ed.) (1992).America in 1492: The World of the Indian Peoples Before the Arrival of Columbus, Alfred A. Knopf, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kay, M., Sabo, G., III, and Merletti, R. J. (1989). Late prehistoric settlement patterning: A view from three Caddoan civic-ceremonial centers in northwest Arkansas. In Rogers, J. D., Wyckoff, D. G., and Peterson, D. A. (eds.),Contributions to Spiro Archaeology: Mound Excavations and Regional Perspectives, Studies in Oklahoma's Past No. 16, Oklahoma Archeological Survey, Norman, pp. 129–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, D. B. (ed.) (1994).The McLelland and Joe Clark Sites: Protohistoric-Historic Caddoan Farmsteads in Southern Bossier Parish, Louisiana, Coastal Environments, Baton Rouge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenmotsu, N. A., Bruseth, J. E., and Corbin, J. E. (1993). Moscoso and the route in Texas: A reconstruction. In Young, G. A., and Hoffman, M. P. (eds.),The Expedition of Hernando de Soto West of the Mississippi, 1541–1543: Proceedings of the De Soto Symposia, 1988 and 1990, University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville, pp. 106–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keslin, R. O. (1964). Archaeological implications on the role of salt as an element of cultural diffusion.The Missouri Archaeologist 26: 1–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kidder, T. R. (1992a). Timing and consequences of the introduction of maize agriculture in the lower Mississippi Valley.North American Archaeologist 13(1): 15–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kidder, T. R. (1992b). Coles Creek period social organization and evolution in northeast Louisiana. In Barker, A. W., and Pauketat, T. R. (eds.),Lords of the Southeast: Social Inequality and the Native Elites of Southeastern North America, Archeological Papers No. 3, American Anthropological Association, Washington, DC, pp. 145–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klos, G. (1994). “Our people could not distinguish one tribe from another”: The 1859 expulsion of the reserve Indians from Texas.Southwestern Historical Quarterly 97(4): 599–619.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knight, V. J. (1989). Symbolism of Mississippian mounds. In Wood, P. H., Waselkov, G. A., and Hatley, M. T. (eds.),Powhatan's Mantle: Indians in the Colonial Southeast, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp. 279–291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krieger, A. D. (1946).Culture Complexes and Chronology in Northern Texas, with an Extension of Puebloan Datings to the Mississippi Valley, Publication 4640. University of Texas, Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krieger, A. D. (1947). The first symposium on the Caddoan archaeological area.American Antiquity 12: 198–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krieger, A. D. (1948). Importance of the “Gilmore Corridor” in culture contacts between middle America and the eastern United States.Bulletin of the Texas Archeological and Paleontological Society 19: 155–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lafferty, R. H. III (1994). Prehistoric exchange in the lower Mississippi Valley. In Baugh, T. G., and Ericson, J. E. (eds.),Prehistoric Exchange Systems in North America, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 177–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • La Vere, D., and Campbell, K. (eds. and trans.) (1994). An expedition to the Kichai: The journal of Francois Grappe, September 24, 1783.Southwestern Historical Quarterly 98(1): 58–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Love, B. J. (1995). Caddo thoughts on repatriation, and keepers of the Indian Way. Videos presented at the 1995 Caddo Conference, Austin, TX.

  • Marriott, R. (1995). Law enforcement. InSave the Past for the Future II: Report of the Working Conference, Society for American Archaeology, Washington, DC, pp. 47–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milanich, J. T., and Hudson, C. (1993).Hernando De Soto and the Indians of Florida, University Press of Florida, Gainesville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milner, G. R. (1990). The late prehistoric Cahokia cultural system of the Mississippi River valley: Foundations, florescence, and fragmentation.Journal of World Prehistory 4(1): 1–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muller, J. (1984). Mississippian specialization and salt.American Antiquity 49: 489–507.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nassaney, M. S. (1992). Communal societies and the emergence of elites in the prehistoric American Southeast. In Barker, A. W., and Pauketat, T. R. (eds.),Lords of the Southeast: Social Inequality and the Native Elites of Southeastern North America, Archeological Papers No. 3, American Anthropological Association, Washington, DC, pp. 111–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newell, H. P., and Krieger, A. D. (1949).The George C. Davis Site, Cherokee County, Texas, Memoirs No. 5, Society for American Archaeology, Menasha, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newkumet, V. B., and Meredith, H. L. (1988).Hasinai: A Traditional History of the Caddo Confederacy, Texas A&M University Press, College Station.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nye, W. S. (1968).Plains Indian Raiders: The Final Phases of Warfare from the Arkansas to the Red River, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ortner, D. J. (1992). Skeletal paleopathology: Probabilities, possibilities, and impossibilities. In Verano, J. W., and Ubelaker, D. H. (eds.),Disease and Demography in the Americas, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 5–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pate, F. D. (1994). Bone chemistry and paleodiet.Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 1(2): 161–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perttula, T. K. (1990).The Development of Agricultural Subsistence, Regional and Diachronic Variability in Caddoan Subsistence, and Implications for the Caddoan Archaeological Record (2 parts), Final Report submitted to Texas Historical Commission, Department of Antiquities Protection, Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perttula, T. K. (1991). European contact and its effects on aboriginal Caddoan populations between A.D. 1520 and A.D. 1680. In Thomas, D. H. (ed.),Columbian Consequences, Vol. 3, The Spanish Borderlands in Pan-American Perspective, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 501–518.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perttula, T. K. (1992a).“The Caddo Nation”: Archaeological and Ethnohistoric Perspectives, University of Texas Press, Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perttula, T. K. (1992b). The looting and vandalism of archaeological sites in east Texas.American Society for Conservation Archaeology Report 18(2): 3–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perttula, T. K. (1993). The development of agriculture in northeast Texas before A.D. 1600. In Kenmotsu, N. A., and Perttula, T. K. (eds.),Archeology in the Eastern Planning Region, Texas: A Planning Document, Cultural Resource Management Report 3, Department of Antiquities Protection, Texas Historical Commission, Austin, pp. 121–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perttula, T. K., and Bruseth, J. E. (1983). Early Caddoan subsistence strategies, Sabine River basin, east Texas.Plains Anthropologist 28: 9–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, P., and Brown, J. A. (1978–1984).Pre-Columbian Shell Engravings from the Craig Mound at Spiro, Oklahoma (2 parts), Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramenofsky, A. F. (1995). Evolutionary theory and Native American artifact change in the postcontact period. In Teltser, P. A. (ed.),Evolutionary Archaeology: Methodological Issues, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 129–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reese-Taylor, K. (1995). Evidence of resource procurement and manufacturing techniques in Caddoan ceramic assemblages from the Sabine, Cypress, and Sulphur River drainage basins, Rusk and Titus counties, Texas.Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 5: 9–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rindos, D. (1984).The Origins of Agriculture, an Evolutionary Perspective, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, J. D. (1989). Settlement contexts for shifting authority in the Arkansas basin. In Rogers, J. D., Wyckoff, D. G., and Peterson, D. A. (eds.),Contributions to Spiro Archeology: Mound Excavations and Regional Perspectives, Studies in Oklahoma's Past No. 16, Oklahoma Archeological Survey, Norman, pp. 159–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, J. D. (1991a). Patterns of change on the western margins of the Southeast, A.D. 600–900. In Nassaney, M. S., and Cobb, C. R. (eds.),Stability, Transformation, and Variation: The Late Woodland Southeast, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 221–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, J. D. (1991b). Regional prehistory and the Spiro site.Southeastern Archaeology 10: 63–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, J. D. (1995). Dispersed communities and integrated households: A perspective from Spiro and the Arkansas basin. In Rogers, J. D., and Smith, B. D. (eds.),Mississippian Communities and Households, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 81–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, J. D. (1996). The Caddos.Handbook of North American Indians, Southeast Volume, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, J. C., Burnett, B. A., Nassaney, N. S., and Blauer, M. W. (1984). Paleopathology and the origins of maize agriculture in the lower Mississippi Valley and Caddoan culture areas. In Cohen, M. N., and Armelagos, G. J. (eds.),Paleopathology at the Origins of Agriculture, Academic Press, New York, pp. 393–425.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, J. C., Hoffman, M. P., Burnett, B. A., Harmon, A. M., and Barnes, J. C. (1993). Skeletal biology of the prehistoric Caddo. (submitted for publication).

  • Sabo, G. III (1992a). Rituals of encounter: Interpreting Native American views of European explorers.Arkansas Historical Quarterly 51: 54–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabo, G. III (1992b).Paths of Our Children: Historic Indians of Arkansas, Popular Series No. 3, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabo, G. III (1993). Indians and Spaniards in Arkansas: Symbolic action in the sixteenth century. In Young, G. A., and Hoffman, M. P. (eds.),The Expedition of Hernando de Soto West of the Mississippi, 1541–1543: Proceedings of the De Soto Symposia, 1988 and 1990, University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville, pp. 192–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabo, G. III (1995). Encounters and images: European contact and Caddo Indians.Historical Reflections/Reflexions Historiques 21(2): 217–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabo, G. III Early, A. M., Rose, J. C., Burnett, B. A., Vogele, L., Jr., and Harcourt, J. P. (1988).Human Adaptation in the Ozark-Ouachita Mountains, Research Series No. 31, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scarry, C. M. (1993). Variability in Mississippian crop production strategies. In Scarry, C. M. (ed.),Foraging and Farming in the Eastern Woodlands, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 78–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scarry, C. M. (ed.) (1993).Foraging and Farming in the Eastern Woodlands, University Press of Florida, Gainesville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scarry, J. F. (1994). The late prehistoric Southeast. In Hudson, C., and Tesser, C. C. (eds.),The Forgotten Centuries: Indians and Europeans in the American South 1521–1704, University of Georgia Press, Athens, pp. 17–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schambach, F. F. (1982). An outline of Fourche Maline culture in Southwest Arkansas. In Trubowitz, N. L., and Jeter, M. D. (eds.),Arkansas Archeology in Review, Research Series No. 15, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville, pp. 132–197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schambach, F. F. (1983). The archeology of the Great Bend region in Arkansas. In Schambach, F. F., and Rackerby, F. (eds.),Contributions to the Archeology of the Great Bend Region, Research Series No. 22, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville, pp. 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schambach, F. F. (1989). The end of the trail: The route of Hernando De Soto's army through Southwest Arkansas and East Texas.The Arkansas Archeologist 27/28: 9–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schambach, F. F. (1990a). The “northern Caddoan area” was not Caddoan.Caddoan Archeology Newsletter I(4): 4–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schambach, F. F. (1990b). The place of Spiro in southeastern prehistory.Southeastern Archaeology 9: 67–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schambach, F. F. (1991). A critique of Oklahoma archeology: With a reevaluation of the role of the Spiro site in southeastern prehistory.The Arkansas Archeologist 30: 57–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schambach, F. F. (1993a). Spiroan entrepots at and beyond the western border of the Trans-Mississippi south.Caddoan Archeology Newsletter IV(2): 11–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schambach, F. F. (1993b). Some new interpretations of Spiroan culture history. In Stoltman, J. B. (ed.),Archaeology of Eastern North America: Papers in Honor of Stephen Williams, Archaeological Report No. 25, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson, pp. 187–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schambach, F. F. (1993c). The end of the trail: Reconstruction of the route of Hernando de Soto's army through southwest Arkansas and east Texas. In Young, G. A., and Hoffman, M. P. (eds.),The Expedition of Hernando de Soto West of the Mississippi, 1541–1543: Proceedings of the De Soto Symposia, 1988 and 1990, University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville, pp. 78–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schambach, F. F. (1995). A probable Spiroan entrepot in the Red River Valley in northeast Texas.Caddoan Archeology Newsletter 6(1): 9–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schambach, F. F. (1996). The development of the burial mound tradition in the Caddo area.Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology in press.

  • Schambach, F. F., and Miller, J. E. (1984). A description and analysis of the ceramics. In Trubowitz, N. L. (ed.),Cedar Grove: An Interdisciplinary Investigation of a Late Caddo Farmstead in the Red River Valley, Research Series No. 23, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville, pp. 109–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlesier, K. H. (ed.) (1994).Plains Indians, A.D. 500–1500: The Archaeological Past of Historic Groups, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sievert, A. K. (1994). The detection of ritual tool use through functional analysis: Comparative examples from the Spiro and Angel sites.Lithic Technology 19(2): 146–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, B. D. (1978). Variations in Mississippian settlement patterns. In Smith, B. D. (ed.),Mississippian Settlement Patterns, Academic Press, New York, pp. 478–503.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, B. D. (1984). Mississippian expansion: Tracing the historical development of an explanatory model.Southeastern Archaeology 3: 13–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, B. D. (1986). The archaeology of the southeastern United States: From Dalton to De Soto, 10,500 B.P.–500 B.P. In Wendorf, F., and Close, A. E. (eds.),Advances in World Archaeology, Academic Press, New York, pp. 1–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, B. D. (1987). The independent domestication of indigenous seed-bearing plants in eastern North America. In Keegan, W. F. (ed.),Emergent Horticultural Economies of the Eastern Woodlands, Occasional Paper 7, Southern Illinois University, Center for Archaeological Investigations, Carbondale, pp. 3–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, B. D. (1989). Origins of agriculture in eastern North America.Science 246: 1566–1571.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, B. D. (1992a). Prehistoric plant husbandry in eastern North America. In Cowan, C. W., and Watson, P. J. (eds.),The Origins of Agriculture: An International Perspective, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 101–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, B. D. (1992b).Rivers of Change: Essays on Early Agriculture in Eastern North America, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, B. D. (ed.) (1990).The Mississippian Emergence, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, F. T. (1991). The Kadohadacho Indians and the Louisiana-Texas frontier, 1803–1815.Southwestern Historical Quarterly 95(2): 176–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, F. T. (1994). The Red River Caddos: A historical overview to 1835.Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society 65: 115–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, F. T. (1995a).On the Convergence of Empire: The Caddo Indian Confederacies, 1542–1854, Texas A&M University Press, College Station.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, F. T. (1995b).The Wichitas and Caddo Indians — Relations with the U.S., 1846–1901, Texas A&M University Press, College Station, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Speth, J. D., and Scott, S. L. (1989). Horticulture and large-mammal hunting: The role of resource depletion and the constraints of time and labor. In Kent, S. (ed.),Farmers as Hunters: The Implications of Sedentism, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 71–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stahle, D. G., and Cleaveland, M. K. (1994). Tree-ring reconstructed rainfall over the southeastern U.S.A. during the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age.Climatic Change 26: 199–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steponaitis, V. P. (1986). Prehistoric archaeology in the southeastern United States, 1970–1985.Annual Reviews in Anthropology 15: 363–404.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steponaitis, V. P. (1991). Contrasting patterns of Mississippian development. In Earle, T. (ed.),Chiefdoms: Power, Economy, and Ideology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 193–228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Story, D. A. (1972).A Preliminary Report of the 1968, 1969, and 1970 Excavations at the George C. Davis Site, Cherokee County, Texas, Report of field research conducted under National Science Foundation (GS-2573 and 3200) and interagency contracts between the University of Texas at Austin and the Texas Building Commission and Texas Historical Survey Committee. Texas Archeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas at Austin.

  • Story, D. A. (1981). An overview of the archeology of East Texas.Plains Anthropologist 26(92): 139–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Story, D. A. (ed.) (1982).The Deshazo Site, Nacogdoches County, Texas, Volume 1, Texas Antiquities Permit Series, No. 7, Texas Antiquities Committee, Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Story, D. A. (1990). Culture history of the Native Americans. In Story, D. A., Guy, J. A., Burnett, B. A., Rose, J. C., Freeman, M. D., Steele, D. G., Reinhard, K. J., and Olive, B. W.,The Archeology and Bioarcheology of the Gulf Coastal Plain, Research Series No. 38, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville, pp. 163–366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Story, D. A. (1994). The George C. Davis site mounds, structures and burials: Glimpses into early Caddoan symbolism and ideology. Ms. on file with the author.

  • Story, D. A., and Creel, D. G. (1982). The cultural setting. In Story, D. A. (ed.),The Deshazo Site, Nacogdoches County, Texas, Vol. 1, Texas Antiquities Permit Series, No. 7, Texas Antiquities Committee, Austin, pp. 20–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Styles, B. W., and Purdue, J. W. (1984). Faunal exploitation at the Cedar Grove site. In Trubowitz, N. L. (ed.),Cedar Grove: An Interdisciplinary Investigation of a Late Caddo Farmstead in the Red River Valley, Research Series No. 23, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville, pp. 211–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Styles, B. W., and White, K. (1993). Faunal analysis. In Early, A. M. (ed.),Caddoan Saltmakers in the Ouachita Valley: The Hardman Site, Research Series No. 43, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville, pp. 145–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suhm, D. A., Krieger, A. D., and Jelks, E. B. (1954). An introductory handbook of Texas archeology.Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society 25 (whole volume).

  • Swanton, J. R. (1942).Source Material on the History and Ethnology of the Caddo Indians, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 132. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanner, H. H. (1989). The land and water communication systems of the southeastern Indians. In Wood, P. H., Waselkov, G. A., and Hatley, M. T. (eds.),Powhatan's Mantle: Indians in the Colonial Southeast, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp. 6–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanner, H. H. (1993). The Caddos in the era of the Republic of Texas (3 parts).Caddo Nation News 2: Nos. 2–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, D. H., Miller, J., White, R., Nabokov, P., and Deloria, P. J. (1993).The Native Americans: An Illustrated History, Turner, Atlanta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thurmond, J. P. (1990).Archeology of the Cypress Creek Drainage Basin, Northeastern Texas and Northwestern Louisiana, Studies in Archeology No. 5, Texas Archeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas at Austin.

  • Tiné, A., and Tieszen, L. (1994). Bioarcheology. In Kelley, D. B. (ed.),The McLelland and Joe Clark Sites: Protohistoric-Historic Caddoan Farmsteads in Southern Bossier Parish, Louisiana, Coastal Environments, Inc., Baton Rouge, pp. 213–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trubowitz, N. L. (ed.) (1984).Cedar Grove: An Interdisciplinary Investigation of a Late Caddo Farmstead in the Red River Valley, Research Series No. 23, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vehik, S. C. (1994). Cultural continuity and discontinuity in the southern prairies and cross timbers. In Schleiser, K. H. (ed.),Plains Indians, A.D. 500–1500: The Archaeological Past of Historic Groups, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, pp. 239–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vehik, S. C., and Baugh, T. G. (1994). Prehistoric plains trade. In Baugh, T. G., and Ericson, J. E. (eds.),Prehistoric Exchange Systems in North America, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 249–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, P. J. (1990). Trend and tradition in southeastern Archaeology.Southeastern Archaeology 9(1): 43–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, C. H. (1959).The Belcher Mound, a Stratified Caddoan Site in Caddo Parish, Louisiana, Memoirs No. 16, Society for American Archaeology, Salt Lake City.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, C. H. (1983). The Bossier focus revisited: Montgomery I, Werner, and other unicomponent sites. In Wyckoff, D. G., and Hofman, J. L. (eds.),Southeastern Natives and Their Pasts, Studies in Oklahoma's Past No. 11, Oklahoma Archeological Survey, Norman, pp. 183–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, C. H., and McKinney, R. R. (1975). Mounds plantation (16CD12), Caddo Parish, Louisiana.Louisiana Archaeology 2: 39–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinland, D. C., and Reitz, E. J. (1994). Vertebrate fauna. In Kelley, D. B. (ed.),The McLelland and Joe Clark Sites: Protohistoric-Historic Caddoan Farmsteads in Southern Bossier Parish, Louisiana, Coastal Environments, Inc., Baton Rouge, pp. 165–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wertime, R. A. (1995). The boom in volunteer archaeology.Archaeology 48(1): 66–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilcox, D. R. (1991). Changing context of pueblo adaptations, A. D. 1250–1600. In Spielmann, K. A. (ed.),Farmers, Hunters, and Colonists: Interaction between the Southwest and the Southern Plains, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 128–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willey, G. R., and Phillips, P. (1958).Method and Theory in American Archaeology, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, G. L., Jr. (1993). Features and dating. In Early, A. M. (ed.),Caddoan Saltmakers in the Ouachita Valley: The Hardman Site, Research Series No. 43, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville, pp. 37–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, D., and Cargill, D. (1993). Stable isotope analysis from the Sanders site (41LR2).Caddoan Archeology Newsletter IV(3): 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodall, J. N. (1969).Cultural Ecology of the Caddo, Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wyckoff, D. G. (1980).Caddoan Adaptive Strategies in the Arkansas Basin, Eastern Oklahoma, Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wyckoff, D. G., and Baugh, T. G. (1980). Early historic Hasinai elites: A model for the material culture of governing elites.Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 5: 225–283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yates, B. C. (1993). Zooarcheology of four Woodland/Caddoan sites at Cooper Lake. In Fields, R. C., Gadus, E. F., Klement, L. W., Bousman, C. B., and McLerran, J. B.,Excavations at the Tick, Spike, Johns Creek, and Peerless Bottoms Sites, Cooper Lake Project, Delta and Hopkins Counties, Texas, Reports of Investigations No. 91, Prewitt and Associates, Inc., Austin, pp. 307–334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, G. A., and Hoffman, M. P. (eds.) (1993).The Expedition of Hernando de Soto West of the Mississippi, 1541–1543: Proceedings of the De Soto Symposia 1988 and 1990, University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville.

    Google Scholar 

Bibliography of recent literature

  • Albert, L. A. (1991). The Falling Cat site (34SQ81), Lee Creek Watershed, Sequoyah County, Oklahoma.Bulletin of the Oklahoma Anthropological Society 39: 1–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albert, L. A. (1992). Recent excavations at the Tall Cane site (34SQ294).Caddoan Archeology Newsletter II(4): 2–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amick, C., Furman, E., Perttula, T. K., Bruseth, J. E., and Yates, B. C. (1991). ALCOA #1 (41AN87): A Frankston phase settlement along Mound Prairie Creek, Anderson County, Texas.Caddoan Archeology Newsletter II(2): 11–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, D. G., Joseph, J. W., and Reed, M. B. (1988).Technical Synthesis of Cultural Resource Investigations, Fort Polk, Louisiana, Interagency Archaeological Services Division, National Park Service, Atlanta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blake, L. W. (1986). Corn and other plants from prehistory into history in eastern United States. In Dye, D. H., and Brister, R. C. (eds.),The Protohistoric Period in the Mid-South: 1500–1700, Archaeological Report No. 18, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson, pp. 3–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bousman, C. B., Collins, M. B., and Perttula, T. K. (1988).Quaternary Geomorphology at Cooper Lake: A Framework for Archeological Inquiry, Reports of Investigations No. 55, Prewitt & Associates, Inc., Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brewington, R. L., Dockall, J. E., and Shafer, H. J. (1995).Archaeology of 41MX5: A Late Prehistoric Caddoan Hamlet in Morris County, Texas, Reports of Investigations No. 1, Center for Environmental Archaeology, Texas A&M University, College Station.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, R. L. (1994). Warfare on the southern plains. In Owsley, D. W., and Jantz, R. L. (eds.),Skeletal Biology in the Great Plains: Migration, Warfare, Health, and Subsistence, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 317–323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J. A. (1989). On style divisions of the southeastern ceremonial complex — A revisionist perspective. In Galloway, P. (ed.),Southern Ceremonial Complex, Artifacts and Analysis: The Cottonlandia Conference, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp. 183–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J. A. (1996).Introduction to Spiro Archaeology, Anthropological Papers, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J. A., and Rogers, J. D. (1989). Linking Spiro's artistic styles: The copper connection.Southeastern Archaeology 8: 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J. A., Kerber, R. A., and Winters, H. D. (1990). Trade and the evolution of exchange relations at the beginning of the Mississippian period. In Smith, B. D. (ed.),The Mississippian Emergence, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 251–280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruseth, J. E. (1987).Late Holocene Environmental Change and Human Adaptive Strategies in Northeast Texas, Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruseth, J. E. (1991). Hudnall-Pirtle site: An early Caddoan mound complex in northeast Texas.Caddoan Archaeology Newsletter II(3): 9–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruseth, J. E. (1992). Artifacts of the de Soto expedition: The evidence from Texas.Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society 63: 67–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruseth, J. E., Wilson, D. E., and Perttula, T. K. (1995). The Sanders site: A Spiroan entrepot in Texas?Plains Anthropologist 40(153): 223–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruseth, J. E., and Martin, W. A. (eds.) (1987).The Bird Point Island and Adams Ranch Sites: Methodological and Theoretical Contributions to North Central Texas Archeology, Richland Creek Technical Series, Vol. II, Archaeology Research Program, Southern Methodist University, Dallas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burnett, B. A. (1988a). The bioarcheological synthesis. In Sabo, G., III, Early, A. M., Rose, J. C., Burnett, B. A., Vogele, L. R., and Harcourt, J. P.,Human Adaptation in the Ozark-Ouachita Mountains, Research Series No. 31, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville, pp. 193–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burnett, B. A. (1988b). Bioarcheology of Standridge and the middle Ouachita Caddoan. In Early, A. M. (ed.),Standridge: Caddoan Settlement in a Mountain Environment., Research Series No. 29, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville, pp. 143–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burnett, B. A. (1990). The bioarcheological synthesis of the eastern portions of the Gulf coastal plain. In Story, D. A., Guy, J. A., Burnett, B. A., Freeman, M. D., Rose, J. C., Steele, D. G., Olive, B. W., and Reinhard, K. J.,The Archeology and Bioarcheology of the Gulf Coastal Plain, Research Series No. 38, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville, pp. 385–418.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burnett, B. A., and Murray, K. A. (1993). Death, drought, and de Soto: The bioarcheology of depopulation. In Young, G. A., and Hoffman, M. P. (eds.),The Expedition of Hernando de Soto West of the Mississippi, 1541–1543: Proceedings of the De Soto Symposia 1988 and 1990, University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville, pp. 227–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter, M. C. (1995a).Caddo History: Where We Come From, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter, M. C. (1995b). Archaeology, the Caddo Indian tribe, and the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act.Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 5: 4–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cliff, M. B., and Hunt, S. M. (1995).Cultural Resources Testing of Three Sites within the Moist Soils Management Area (MSMA) of the White Oak Creek Mitigation Area (WOCMA), Cass County, Texas, Report of Investigations No. 3, White Oak Creek Mitigation Area Archeological Technical Series. Geo-Marine, Inc., Plano, TX.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cliff, M. B., and Peter, D. E. (1989).Test Excavations at Sites 16WE233 and 16WE236, Louisiana Army Ammunition Plant, Webster Parish, Louisiana, Report of Investigations, No. 2, LAAP Archeological Technical Series. Geo-Marine, Inc., Plano, TX.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cliff, M. B., and Peter, D. E. (eds.). (1994).Test Excavations at the Caney Branch I and Caney Branch II Sites (16BO198 and 16BO200), Louisiana Army Ammunition Plant, Bossier Parish, Louisiana, Report of Investigations, No. 5, LAAP Archeological Technical Series. Geo-Marine, Inc., Plano, TX.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corbin, J. E. (1989). The Woodland/Caddo transition in the southern Caddo area. In Roper, D. (ed.),Festschrift in Honor of Jack Hughes, Special Publication No. 5, Panhandle Archeological Society, Amarillo, TX.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corbin, J. E. (1989). Spanish-Indian interaction on the eastern frontier of Texas. In Thomas, D. H. (ed.),Columbian Consequences, Volume 1, Archaeological and Historical Perspectives on the Spanish Borderlands West, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 269–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corbin, J. E. (1991). Retracing theCamino de los Tejas from the Trinity to Los Adaes: New insights into east Texas history. In McGraw, A. J., Clark, J. W., and Robbins, E. (eds.),A Texas Legacy: The Old San Antonio Road and the Camino Reales. A Tricentennial History, 1691–1991. Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation, Austin, pp. 191–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corbin, J. E., Brown, H. A., Canavan, M. G., and Toups, S. (1990).Mission Dolores de los Ais (41SA25), San Augustine County, Texas: Archaeological Investigations, 1984, Papers in Anthropology, No. 5, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, Texas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Creel, D. G. (1991). Bison hides in late prehistoric exchange in the southern plains.American Antiquity 56: 40–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cruse, J. B. (1995). Archaeology at the Oak Hill Village: A Caddoan settlement in Rusk County.Heritage 13(1): 10–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, H. A. (ed.) (1991).Arkansas Before the Americans, Research Series No. 40, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickinson, D. R. (1992).The Albertson Site: A Deeply and Clearly Stratified Ozark Bluff Shelter, Research Series No. 41, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, B., Kotter, S., Skokan, E., Reese-Taylor, K., Barnhart, E., and Nash, M. (1995).Data Recovery Excavations at Sites 41TT372 and 41TT550 in the Tankersley and Hayes Creek Watersheds, Monticello B-2 Surface Mine, Titus County, Texas, Document No. 940608, Espey, Huston & Associates, Inc., Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Early, A. M. (1986). Dr. Thomas L. Hodges and his contribution to Arkansas archeology.The Arkansas Archeologist 23/24: 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Early, A. M. (1988).Standridge: Caddoan Settlement in a Mountain Environment, Research Series No. 29, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Early, A. M. (1989). Profiteers and public archaeology: Antiquities trafficking in Arkansas. In Messenger, P. M. (ed.),The Ethics of Collecting Cultural Property: Whose Culture? Whose Property?, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, pp. 39–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Early, A. M. (1993a). Finding the middle passage: The Spanish journey from the swamplands to Caddo country. In Young, G. A., and Hoffman, M. P. (eds.),The Expedition of Hernando de Soto West of the Mississippi, 1541–1543: Proceedings of the De Soto Symposia, University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville, pp. 68–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Early, A. M. (ed.) (1993b).Caddoan Saltmakers in the Ouachita Valley: The Hardman Site, Research Series No. 43, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferring, C. R., and Perttula, T. K. (1987). Defining the provenance of red-slipped pottery from Texas and Oklahoma by petrographic methods.Journal of Archaeological Science 14: 437–456.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fields, R. C. (ed.) (1989).Archeological Survey and Testing Along Boone Creek, Louisiana Army Ammunition Plant, Webster Parish, Louisiana, Reports of Investigations No. 64, Prewitt and Associates, Inc., Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fields, R. C., Klement, L. W., Bousman, C. B., Tomka, S. A., Gadus, E. F., and Howard, M. A. (1991).Excavations at the Bottoms, Rena Branch, and Moccasin Springs Sites, Jewett Mine Project, Freestone and Leon Counties, Texas, Reports of Investigations No. 82, Prewitt and Associates, Inc., Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fields, R. C., Gadus, E. F., Klement, L.W., Bousman, C. B., and McLerran, J. B. (1993).Excavations at the Tick, Spike, Johns Creek, and Peerless Bottoms Sites, Cooper Lake Project, Delta and Hopkins Counties, Texas, Reports of Investigations No. 91, Prewitt and Associates, Inc., Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fields, R. C., Gadus, E. F., Klement, L. W., and Gardner, K. M. (1994).Excavations at the Spider Knoll Site, Cooper Lake Project, Delta County, Texas, Reports of Investigations No. 96, Prewitt and Associates, Inc., Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischbeck, H. J., Rogers, J. D., Ryan, S. R., and Swenson, F. E. (1989). Sourcing ceramics in the Spiro region: A preliminary study using proton-induced x-ray emission (PIXE) analysis.Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 14: 3–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, W. C. (1995).Spanish Expeditions into Texas, 1689–1768, University of Texas Press, Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritz, G. J. (1986a).Prehistoric Ozark Agriculture, the University of Arkansas Rockshelter Collections, Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritz, G. J. (1986b). Mounds in northwest Arkansas: A more positive approach to the late prehistory in the Ozarks. In Sabo, G., III (ed.),Contributions to Ozark Prehistory, Research Series No. 27, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville, pp. 49–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritz, G. J. (1986c). Desiccated botanical remains from three bluffshelters in the Pine Mountain Project area. In Sabo, G., III (ed.),Contributions to Ozark Prehistory, Research Series No. 27, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville, pp. 86–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritz, G. J. (1989) Evidence of plant use from Copple Mound at the Spiro site. In Rogers, J. D., Wyckoff, D. G., and Peterson, D. A. (eds.),Contributions to Spiro Archaeology: Mound Excavations and Regional Perspectives, Studies in Oklahoma's Past No. 16, Oklahoma Archeological Survey, Norman, pp. 65–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritz, G. J. (1990). Multiple pathways to farming in precontact eastern North America.Journal of World Prehistory 4: 387–435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fritz, G. J. (1994). In color and in time: Prehistoric Ozark agriculture. In Green, W. (ed.),Agricultural Origins and Development in the Midcontinent, Report 19. Office of the State Archeologist, University of Iowa, Iowa City, pp. 105–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritz, G. J., and Smith, B. D. (1988). Old collections and new technology: Documenting the domestication ofChenopodium in eastern North America.Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 13: 3–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gadus, E. F., Fields, R. C., and Bousman, C. B. (1992).Archeological Investigations at 41DT11, 41DT21, 41DT50, 41DT54, and 41DT63 at Cooper Lake, Delta County, Texas, Reports of Investigation No. 86, Prewitt & Associates, Inc., Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, J. L. (1994). Empirical characterization of exchange systems in lower Mississippi Valley prehistory. In Baugh, T. G., and Ericson, J. E. (eds.),Prehistoric Exchange Systems in North America, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 127–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, J. L., and Gregory, H. F. (eds.) (1992). Dr. Webb.Louisiana Archaeology 19: 1–129.

  • Gilmore, K. (1986).French-Indian Interaction at an 18th Century Frontier Post: The Roseborough Lake Site, Bowie County, Texas, Contributions in Archaeology No. 3, Institute of Applied Sciences, North Texas State University, Denton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilmore, K. (1992). French, Spanish, and Indian interaction in colonial Texas.Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society 63: 123–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilmore, K., and King, H. G. (1991). An archeological footnote to history.Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society 60: 303–324.

    Google Scholar 

  • Girard, J. S. (1993).Regional Archaeology Program Management Unit 1: Fourth Annual Report, Northwestern State University, Natchitoches, Louisiana.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, D. F. (1986). 1964 investigations in DeGray Reservoir.The Arkansas Archeologist 23/24: 43–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, H. F. (ed.) (1986).The Southern Caddo: An Anthology, Garland, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, J. B. (1990). Comments on the late prehistoric societies in the southeast. In Dye, D. H., and Cox, C. A. (eds.),Towns and Temples Along the Mississippi, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 5–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harmon, A. M., and Rose, J. C. (1989). Bioarcheology of the Louisiana and Arkansas study area. In Jeter, M. D., Rose, J. C., Williams, G. I., and Harmon, A. M.,Archeology and Bioarcheology of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Trans-Mississippi South in Arkansas and Louisiana, Research Series No. 37, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville, pp. 323–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heartfield, Price, and Greene, Inc. (1988).Data Recovery at Site 41HS74, Harrison County, Texas, Heartfield, Price, and Greene, Inc., Monroe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hester, T. R. (ed.) (1991).Ethnology of the Texas Indians, Vol. 7, Spanish Borderlands Sourcebooks, Garland Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, M. P. (1987). Who's wearing the white hats? The Arkansas Act to prohibit burial desecration and its implications for Caddoan archaeology.Newsletter of the Southeastern Archaeological Conference 29(2): 22–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, D. G., Kelley, D. B., Saltus, A. R., and Harkins, L. L. (1992).Archaeological Investigations at Lock and Dam No. 5, Red River Waterway, Louisiana, Coastal Environments, Inc., Baton Rouge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeter, M. D. (ed.) (1990).Edward Palmer's Arkansaw Mounds, University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeter, M. D., and Mintz, J. J. (1990).National Register of Historic Places Eligibility Testing at the Fish Lake Site (3HE287) on the Red River, Hempstead County, Arkansas, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeter, M. D., Rose, J. C., Williams, G. I., and Harmon, A. M. (1989).Archeology and Bioarcheology of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Trans-Mississippi South in Arkansas and Louisiana, Research Series No. 37, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J. K. (ed.) (1993).The Development of Southeastern Archaeology, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J. K. (1994). Prehistoric exchange in the southeast. In Baugh, T. G., and Ericson, J. E. (eds.),Prehistoric Exchange Systems in North America, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 99–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, L., Jr. (1987). A Plague of Phases.Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society 57: 1–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jurney, D. H., and Young, W. (1995). Southwestern pottery and turquoise in northeastern Texas.Caddoan Archeology Newsletter 6(2): 15–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kay, M., Sabo, G., III, and Merletti, R. J. (1989). Late prehistoric settlement patterning: A view from three Caddoan civic-ceremonial centers in northwest Arkansas. In Rogers, J. D., Wyckoff, D. G., and Peterson, D. A. (eds.),Contributions to Spiro Archaeology: Mound Excavations and Regional Perspectives, Studies in Oklahoma's Past No. 16, Oklahoma Archeological Survey, Norman, pp. 129–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, D. B. (1991).Archaeological Survey of the Bear Realignment Area, Miller County, Arkansas, Coastal Environments, Inc., Baton Rouge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, D. B. (ed.) (1994).The McLelland and Joe Clark Sites: Protohistoric-Historic Caddo Farmsteads in Southern Bossier Parish, Louisiana, Coastal Environments, Inc., Baton Rouge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenmotsu, N. A. (1992). The Mayhew site: A possible Hasinai farmstead, Nacogdoches County, Texas.Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society 63: 135–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenmotsu, N. A., and Perttula, T. K. (eds.) (1993).Archeology in the Eastern Planning Region of Texas: A Planning Document, Cultural Resource Management Series No. 3, Texas Historical Commission, Department of Antiquities Protection, Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenmotsu, N. A., Bruseth, J. E., and Corbin, J. E. (1993). Moscoso and the route in Texas: A reconstruction. In Young, G. A., and Hoffman, M. P. (eds.),The Expedition of Hernando de Soto West of the Mississippi, 1541–1543: Proceedings of the De Soto Symposia 1988 and 1990, University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville, pp. 106–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kidder, T. R. (1988).Protohistoric and Early Historic Culture Dynamics in Southeast Arkansas and Northeast Louisiana, A.D. 1500–1700, Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kidder, T. R. (1990). Ceramic chronology and culture history of the southern Ouachita River basin: Coles Creek to the early historic period.Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 15: 51–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kidder, T. R. (1990). The Ouachita Indians of Louisiana: An ethnohistorical and archaeological investigation.Louisiana Archaeology 12: 179–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kidder, T. R. (1992). Excavations at the Jordan site (16MO1), Morehouse Parish, Louisiana.Southeastern Archaeology 11: 109–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kidder, T. R. (1993). The Glendora phase: Protohistoric-early historic culture dynamics on the lower Ouachita River. In Stoltman, J. B. (ed.),Southeastern Prehistory: Essays in Honor of Stephen Williams, Archaeological Report No. 25, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson, pp. 231–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kniffen, F. B., Gregory, H. F., and Stokes, G. A. (1987).The Historic Indian Tribes of Louisiana From 1542 to the Present, Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kotter, S. M., Jones, L., Frederick, C., and Glander, W. (1991).An Archaeological Investigation of 41TT182 in the Monticello-Winfield South Surface Mine, Titus County, Texas, Document No. 910264, Espey, Huston & Associates, Inc., Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kotter, S. M., Rogers, R., Taylor, R., Reese-Taylor, K., and Glander, W. P. (1993).Archaeological Investigations within the Monticello B-2 First Five-Year Disturbance Area, Titus County, Texas, Document No. 920013, Espey, Huston & Associates, Inc., Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuttruff, J. T. (1988).Textile Attributes and Production Complexity as Indicators of Caddoan Status Differentiation in the Arkansas Valley and Southern Ozark Regions, Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Ohio State University, Columbus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuttruff, J. T. (1993). Mississippian period status differentiation through textile analysis: A Caddoan example.American Antiquity 58: 125–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lafferty, R. H. III (1994). Prehistoric exchange in the lower Mississippi Valley. In Baugh, T. G., and Ericson, J. E. (eds.),Prehistoric Exchange Systems in North America, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 177–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lafferty, R. H. III, Santeford, L. G., Guccione, M., Lopinot, N., Sierzchula, M. C., King, K. A., Holmes, J. O., and Hess, K. (1988).Tracks in Time: Archeology at the Elk Track and Webb Branch Sites, Buffalo National River, Arkansas, Mid-Continental Research Associates, Inc., Springdale, Arkansas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loveland, C. J. (1994). Vertebral anomalies and degenerative lesions in the Caddoan skeletal population, Kaufman-Williams site, Red River County, Texas.Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society 65: 161–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Middlebrook, T. (1994). An update of archaeological investigations at the Tyso site (41SY92).Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 3: 1–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. E., III (1986). The Myers mound: Salvage excavations at a Caddo II site in southwest Arkansas.The Arkansas Archeologist 23/24: 67–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moir, R. W., McGregor, D. E., and Jurney, D. H. (eds.) (1995).Archaeological Investigations at Cooper Lake: 1987 Season, Archaeology Research Program, Institute for the Study of Earth and Man, Southern Methodist University, Dallas (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Newkumet, V. B., and Meredith, H. L. (1988).Hasinai: A Traditional History of the Caddo Confederacy, Texas A&M University Press, College Station.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perino, G. (1994). Archaeological research at the Rowland Clark site (41RR77), Red River County, Texas.Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 4: 3–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perttula, T. K. (1991). European contact and its effects on aboriginal Caddoan populations between A.D. 1520 and A.D. 1680. In Thomas, D. H. (ed.),Columbian Consequences, Volume 3: The Spanish Borderlands in Pan-American Perspective, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 501–518.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perttula, T. K. (1992a).“The Caddo Nation”: Archaeological & Ethnohistoric Perspectives, University of Texas Press, Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perttula, T. K. (1992b). The looting and vandalism of archaeological sites in east Texas.ASCA Report 18(2): 3–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perttula, T. K. (1993a). Kee-Oh-Na-Wah'-Wah: The effects of European contact on the Caddoan Indians of Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Oklahoma. In Rogers, J. D., and Wilson, S. M. (eds.),Ethnohistory and Archaeology: Approaches to Postcontact Change in the Americas, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 89–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perttula, T. K. (1993b). The long-term consequences and effects of the de Soto Entrada on aboriginal Caddoan populations. In Young, G. A., and Hoffman, M. P. (eds.),The Expedition of Hernando de Soto West of the Mississippi, 1541–1543: Proceedings of the De Soto Symposia 1988 and 1990, University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville, pp. 237–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perttula, T. K. (1994). French and Spanish colonial trade policies and the fur trade among the Caddoan Indians of the trans-Mississippi south. In Brown, J. S. H., Eccles, W. J., and Heldman, D. P. (eds.),The Fur Trade Revisited: Selected Papers of the Sixth North American Fur Trade Conference, Mackinac Island, Michigan, 1991, Michigan State University Press, East Lansing, pp. 71–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perttula, T. K. (1995).Collected Papers on Caddoan Archaeology in the Upper Sabine River Basin, Northeastern Texas, Special Publication No. 1, Friends of Northeast Texas Archaeology, Pittsburg, Texas, and Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perttula, T. K., and Bruseth, J. E. (1995). Trade and exchange in eastern Texas, 1100 B.C.-A.D. 800. In Gibson, J. L. (ed.), Exchange in the lower Mississippi Valley and continguous areas at 1100 B.C.,Louisiana Archaeology 17: 93–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perttula, T. K., and Gilmore, K. (1988).Archaeological Survey Along Mill Race Creek and Tributaries, Wood County, Texas: 1987–1988, Contributions in Archaeology No. 6, Institute of Applied Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perttula, T. K., and Skiles, B. D. (1988). 41RA65, an Early Ceramic-Early Caddoan period site on Garrett Creek, Rains County, Texas.The Record, 50th Anniversary Volume 42(3): 69–81. Dallas Archeological Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perttula, T. K., and Skiles, B. D. (1989). Another look at an eighteenth-century archeological site in Wood County, Texas.Southwestern Historical Quarterly 92: 417–435.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perttula, T. K., Skiles, B. D., and Yates, B. C. (1993). The Goldsmith site (41WD208): Investigations of the Titus phase in the upper Sabine River basin, northeast Texas.Bulletin of the Texas Archaeological Society 61: 139–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perttula, T. K., Bruseth, J. E., Kenmotsu, N. A., and Martin, W. A. (1995).Archeological Testing at the Cabe Mounds (41BW14), Bowie County, Texas, Cultural Resource Management Report No. 8, Texas Historical Commission, Department of Antiquities Protection, Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, D. A. (1989). A history of excavations and interpretations of artifacts from the Spiro mounds site. In Galloway, P. (ed.),The Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: Artifacts and Analysis, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp. 114–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, D. A., Rogers, J. D., Wyckoff, D. G., and Dohm, K. (1993).An Archaeological Survey of the Spiro Vicinity, LeFlore County, Oklahoma, Archeological Resource Survey Report No. 37, Oklahoma Archeological Survey, Norman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reese-Taylor, K. (1995). Evidence of resource procurement and manufacturing techniques in Caddoan ceramic assemblages from the Sabine, Cypress, and Sulphur River drainage basins, Rusk and Titus Counties, Texas.Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 5: 9–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reese-Taylor, K. Hageman, J., and Ricklis, R. A. (1995). Preliminary paste analyses of ceramic samples from the Mustang Branch site (41HY209) and Barton site (41HY202). In Ricklis, R. A., and Collins, M. B. (eds.),Archaic and Late Prehistoric Human Ecology in the Middle Onion Creek Valley, Hays County, Texas, Studies in Archeology 19, Texas Archaeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas at Austin, pp. 549–568.

  • Rogers, J. D. (1989). Settlement contexts for shifting authority in the Arkansas basin. In Rogers, J. D., Wyckoff, D. G., and Peterson, D. A. (eds.),Contributions to Spiro Archeology: Mound Excavations and Regional Perspectives, Studies in Oklahoma's Past No. 16, Oklahoma Archeological Survey, Norman, pp. 159–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, J. D. (1991a). A perspective on Arkansas basin and Ozark Highland prehistory.Caddoan Archeology Newsletter II(1): 9–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, J. D. (1991b). Regional prehistory and the Spiro site.Southeastern Archaeology 10: 63–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, J. D. (1991c). Patterns of change on the western margin of the Southeast, A.D. 600–900. In Nassaney, M. S., and Cobb, C. R. (eds.),Stability, Transformation, and Variation: The Late Woodland Southeast, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 221–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, J. D. (1995). Dispersed communities and integrated households: A perspective from Spiro and the Arkansas basin. In Rogers, J. D., and Smith, B. D. (eds.),Mississippian Communities and Households, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 81–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, J. D., Wyckoff, D. G., and Peterson, D. A. (eds.) (1989).Contributions to Spiro Archaeology: Mound Excavations and Regional Perspectives, Studies in Oklahoma's Past No. 16, Oklahoma Archaeological Survey, Norman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, R., Foster, E., Reese-Taylor, K., Rutenberg, G., Nash, M., Hageman, J., and Jurney, D. (1994)National Register Testing at Eight Archaeological Sites within the Oak Hill 2,280-Acre Study Area, Rusk County, Texas, Document No. 930169, Espey, Huston & Associates, Inc., Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, J. C., and Burnett, B. A. (1990). Bioarcheology of the eastern portion of the Gulf coastal plain. In Story, D. A., Guy, J. A., Burnett, B. A., Freeman, M. D., Rose, J. C., Steele, D. G., Olive, B. W., and Reinhard, K. J.,The Archeology and Bioarcheology of the Gulf Coastal Plain, Research Series No. 38, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville, pp. 132–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, J. C., Burnett, B. A., and Harmon, A. M. (1991). Disease and ecology in the lower Mississippi Valley and the trans-Mississippi south.International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 1: 241–245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, J. C., and Hoffman, M. P. (1989). Maize dependency in the Trans-Mississippi South. Paper presented at the 31st Annual Caddo Conference, Norman, OK.

  • Rose, J. C., Marks, M. K., and Tieszen, L. L. (1991). Bioarchaeology and subsistence in the central and lower portions of the Mississippi Valley. In Powell, M. L., Bridges, P. S., and Mires, A. M. W. (eds.),What Mean These Bones? Studies in Southeastern Bioarchaeology, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 7–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabo, G., III (1986). Preliminary excavations at the Huntsville site: A Caddoan civic-ceremonial center in northwest Arkansas. In Sabo, G., III (ed.),Contributions to Ozark Prehistory, Research Series No. 27, Arkansas Archaeological Survey, Fayetteville, pp. 55–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabo, G., III (ed.) (1986).Contributions to Ozark Prehistory, Research Series No. 26, Arkansas Archaeological Survey, Fayetteville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabo, G., III (1987). Reordering their world: A Caddoan ethnohistory. In Sabo, G., III, and Schneider, W. M. (eds.),Visions and Revisions: Ethnohistoric Perspectives on Southern Cultures, University of Georgia Press, Athens, pp. 25–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabo, G., III (1992a).Paths of Our Children: Historic Indians of Arkansas, Popular Series No. 3, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabo, G., III (1992b). Rituals of encounter: Interpreting Native American views of European explorers.Arkansas Historical Quarterly 51: 54–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabo, G., III (1992c). Encounters and exchanges: French, Spanish, and Caddo Indian interaction in the 17th and 18th centuries. InTransferts Culturels en Amerique et Ailleurs, Musée de la Civilisation, Quebec, Canada (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabo, G., III (1995). Encounters and images: European contact and Caddo Indians.Historical Reflections/Reflexions Historiques 21(2): 217–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabo, G., III, Early, A. M., Rose, J. C., Burnett, B. A., Vogele, L., Jr., and Harcourt, J. P. (1988).Human Adaptation in the Ozark-Ouachita Mountains, Research Series No. 31, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schambach, F. F. (1988). The archeology of Oklahoma.The Quarterly Review of Archeology 9(4): 5–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schambach, F. F. (1989). The end of the trail: The route of Hernando De Soto's army through southwest Arkansas and east Texas.The Arkansas Archeologist 27/28: 9–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schambach, F. F. (1990a). The place of Spiro in southeastern prehistory.Southeastern Archaeology 9: 67–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schambach, F. F. (1990b). The “Northern Caddoan Area” was not Caddoan.Caddoan Archeology Newsletter I(4): 4–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schambach, F. F. (1991a). A critique of Oklahoma archeology: With a reevaluation of the role of the Spiro site in southeastern prehistory.The Arkansas Archeologist 30: 57–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schambach, F. F. (1991b). Coles Creek culture and the trans-Mississippi south.Caddoan Archeology Newsletter II(3): 2–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schambach, F. F. (ed.) (1991).Coles Creek and Mississippi Period Foragers in the Felsenthal Region of the Lower Mississippi Valley, Research Series No. 39, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schambach, F. F. (1993a). Some new interpretations of Spiroan culture history. In Stoltman, J. B. (ed.),Archaeology of Eastern North America: Papers in Honor of Stephen Williams, Archaeological Report No. 25, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson, pp. 187–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schambach, F. F. (1993b). Spiroan entrepots at and beyond the western border of the trans-Mississippi south.Caddoan Archeology Newsletter IV(2): 11–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schambach, F. F. (1995). A probable Spiroan entrepot in the Red River Valley in northeast Texas.Caddoan Archeology Newsletter 6(1): 9–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schambach, F. F. (1996). The development of the burial mound tradition in the Caddo area.Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology (in press).

  • Scholtz, J. A. (1986). Preliminary testing at the Powell site, 3CL9: A temple mound site in Clark County, Arkansas.The Arkansas Archeologist 23/24: 11–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sierzchula, M. C., Guccione, M. J., Lafferty, R. H. III, and Oates, M. T. (1995).Archeological Investigations in the Great Bend Region, Miller County, Arkansas, Levee Items 2 and 3, Report 94-5. Mid-Continental Research Associates, Inc., Springdale, Arkansas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sievert, A. K. (1992).The Craig Mound at Spiro, Oklahoma: Artifacts from the Collection of the Smithsonian Institution, Summary Report, Report to the Department of Anthropology and Office of Repatriation, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.

  • Sievert, A. K. (1994). The detection of ritual tool use through functional analysis: Comparative examples from the Spiro and Angel sites.Lithic Technology 19(2): 146–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, B. D. (1992).Rivers of Change: Essays on Early Agriculture in Eastern North America, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, F. T. (1989).On the Convergence of Empire: The Caddo Indian Confederacies, 1542–1835, Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of History, Tulane University, New Orleans.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, F. T. (1991). The Kadohadacho Indians and the Louisiana-Texas frontier, 1803–1815.Southwestern Historical Quarterly 95: 177–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, F. T. (1994). The Red River Caddos: A historical overview to 1835.Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society 65: 115–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, F. T. (1995).The Caddo Indians: Tribes at the Convergence of Empire, 1542–1854, Texas A&M University Press, College Station.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, F. T. (1995).The Wichita and Caddo Indians — Relations with the U.S., 1846–1901, Texas A&M University Press, College Station, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spear, C. S., Taylor, R. A., Smith, K. L., and Morris, E. M. (1988).Ouachita National Forest: Archeological Survey and Predictive Model Evaluation, Report No. 88-1, Spears Professional Environmental & Archeological Research Service, West Fork, Arkansas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steele, D. G., and Olive, B. W. (1990). Bioarcheology of the western portion of the Gulf Coastal Plain. In Story, D. A., Guy, J. A., Burnett, B. A., Freeman, M. D., Rose, J. C., Steele, D. G., Olive, B. W., and Reinhard, K. J.,The Archeology and Bioarcheology of the Gulf Coastal Plain, Research Series No. 38, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville, pp. 149–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Story, D. A. (1990). Cultural history of the Native Americans. In Story, D. A., Guy, J. A., Burnett, B. A., Freeman, M. D., Rose, J. C., Steele, D. G., Olive, B. W., and Reinhard, K. J.,Archeology and Bioarcheology of the Gulf Coastal Plain, Research Series No. 38, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville, pp. 163–366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Story, D. A. (ed.) (1995).The Deshazo Site, Nacogdoches County, Texas. Vol. 2, Artifacts of Native Manufacture, Studies in Archeology, 21, Texas Archeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas, Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Story, D. A., Guy, J. A., Burnett, B. A., Freeman, M. D., Rose, J. C., Steele, D. G., Olive, B. W., and Reinhard, K. J. (1990).Archeology and Bioarcheology of the Gulf Coastal Plain, Research Series No. 38, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tate, M. L. (1995). Indian-White relations in Texas, 1821–1875. In Winfrey, D. H., and Day, J. M. (eds.),The Indian Papers of Texas and the Southwest 1825–1916, Vol. I, Texas State Historical Association, Austin, pp. ix-xxi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thurmond, J. P. (1990).Archeology of the Cypress Creek Drainage Basin, Northeastern Texas and Northwestern Louisiana, Studies in Archeology No. 5, Texas Archeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas at Austin.

  • Turner, R. L., Jr. (1992).Prehistoric Mortuary Remains at the Tuck Carpenter Site, Camp County, Texas, Studies in Archeology No. 10, Texas Archeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas at Austin.

  • Usner, D. H. (1992).Indians, Settlers, and Slaves in a Frontier Exchange Economy: The Lower Mississippi Valley Before 1783, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vehik, S. C. (1990). Late prehistoric plains trade and economic specialization.Plains Anthropologist 35(128): 125–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vehik, S. C. (1994). Cultural continuity and discontinuity in the southern prairies and cross timbers. In Schlesier, K. H. (ed.),Plains Indians, A.D. 500–1500: The Archaeological Past of Historic Groups, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, pp. 239–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vehik, S. C., and Baugh, T. G. (1994). Prehistoric plains trade. In Baugh, T. G., and Ericson, J. E. (eds.),Prehistoric Exchange Systems in North America, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 249–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogele, L. (1990). Turner Cave: A rock shelter in northwest Arkansas.The Arkansas Archeologist 29: 1–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waddell, D. B., and Waddle, E. Z. (1992).An Archeological Survey of 7,985 Acres in the Winona, Womble, Caddo, Mena, Kiamichi, and Choctaw Districts of the Ouachita National Forest, Arkansas and Oklahoma, SPEARS Project Report No. 41, SPEARS, West Fork, Arkansas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, C. H., and Gregory, H. F. (1986).The Caddo Indians of Louisiana, 2nd ed., Anthropological Study No. 2, Department of Culture, Recreation, and Tourism, Louisiana Archeological Survey and Antiquities Commission, Baton Rouge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, G. I., Reed, M. B., Abbott, L. E., Joseph, J. W., and Abrams, C. (1993).An Archeological Survey of 7,741 Acres in the Caddo, Cold Springs, Fourche, Poteau, and Womble, Districts of the Ouachita National Forest, Scott, Yell, Garland, and Montgomery Counties, Arkansas, Technical Report 147. New South Associates, Stone Mountain, GA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, D. E. (1994). Division of labor and stress loads at the Sanders site (41LR2), Lamar County, Texas.Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society 65: 129–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, D. E. (1995). Dental paleopathologies in the Sanders site (41LR2) population from Lamar County, Texas.Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 5: 29–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winchell, F. (1989). Comments on Caddo settlement pattern and culture identity.Caddoan Archeology Newsletter I(1): 7–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winchell, F. (1990). An Assessment of the Fourche Maline culture and its place in the prehistory of northeast Texas.Caddoan Archeology Newsletter I(4): 7–19.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Perttula, T.K. Caddoan Area archaeology since 1990. J Archaeol Res 4, 295–348 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02229090

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02229090

Key words

Navigation