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Erklärungshypothese zum Zusammenhang von Körpergewicht, Fettreserven und Ovulationsrate in nichtäquatorialen Cerviden

Relationship between body weight, lipid reserves, and ovulation rate in non-equatorial cervids: a hypothesis

Hypothèse explicative de la relation existant entre la masse corporelle, les réserves en graisse et le taux d'ovulation chez des Cervidés non-équatoriaux

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Zusammenfassung

Nichtäquatoriale freilebende Cerviden besitzen eine saisonale Reproduktionsstrategie, die dem jährlichen Pflanzenwachstum angepaßt ist. Es bestehen Verhaltensweisen und physiologische Adaptionen, die zur Fettdeponierung im Herbst und zum Fettabbau im Winter führen. Diese Fettdeponierung bestimmt zum größten Teil das Körpergewicht der weiblichen Stücke. Unter allen nichtäquatorialen Cerviden besteht eine starke Korrelation zwischen Körpergewicht, Ovulationsrate und Zeitpunkt des Östrus, die aber bei Anwendung von Fettmasse statt Körpergewicht noch besser ausfällt. Die Tatsache, daß Ernährung durch Beeinflussung der Fettmasse und daher des Körpergewichtes der hauptsächliche Modulator der Reproduktion ist, ist gut dokumentiert. Hingegen wird in der Literatur ausschließlich das Körpergewicht als ausschlaggebender Faktor betrachtet. Anhand von Erkenntnissen in der Humanmedizin schlage ich eine Hypothese vor, die einen biochemischen Mechanismus beschreibt. Fettgewebe sind metabolisch sehr aktiv und aromatisierten u. a. Androgen zu Estrogen. Der Zeitpunkt der Ovulation wird indirekt durch die Blutkonzentration von Estrogen bestimmt, indem es die für die Ovulation benötigte Welle der Hormone LH und FSH auslöst. Es ist deshalb möglich, daß die Blutkonzentration von endogenem Estrogen durch Fettmetabolismus so erhöht wird, bis Ovulation erfolgt. Der Beitrag von Estrogen durch Fettmetabolismus ist etwa 30% in premenopausalen und 100% in post-menopausalen Frauen. Die Fettmasse ist natürlich proportional zum Beitrag von Estrogen. Um in Cerviden hohe Reproduktionsraten zu erzielen, ist es eine Voraussetzung, daß die weibliche Population mit einer entsprechenden Futterqualität und Habitatsstruktur versehen werden, so daß optimale Fettreserven während des Spätsommers und Herbstes angelegt werden können.

Summary

Non-equatorial free-ranging cervids exhibit a seasonal reproductive strategy which is synchronous with the yearly growth pattern of plants. Behavioral and physiological adaptations in cervids result in lipid deposition in autumn and lipid mobilization in winter. This lipid deposition is primarily responsible for the autumn body weight gain of adult females. Strong correlations between body weight, ovulation rate, and timing of estrus exist amongst all non-equatorial cervids. However, better correlations have been achieved when body weight was replaced by a measure of lipid status. The fact that nutrition is the principal modulator of reproduction by influencing lipid mass and consequently body weight, is well documented. However, much of the literature considers body weight to be the determining factor of reproductive success. Based on knowledge from human medicine I propose a hypothesis describing a biochemical mechanism. Adipose tissue is metabolically very active and aromatizes androgen to estrogen among other things. The timing of ovulation is determined directly by blood concentrations of estrogen which initiates the preovulatory surge of the hormones LH and FSH. Therefore, it is possible that adipocyte metabolism elevates endogenous estrogen blood concentrations until ovulation occurs. The contribution of estrogen from adipocytes is about 30% in premenopausal and 100% in postmenopausal women, proportional to lipid mass. The proposed relationships would support the concept that female populations need quality forage and habitat structure which would allow them to obtain adequate lipid reserves in late summer and autumn to successfully breed at the optimal time of the year.

Résumé

Les Cervidés sauvages non-équatoriaux disposent d'une stratégie de reproduction saisonnière adaptée au développement annuel de la végétation. Il existe des comportements et des adaptations physiologiques qui conduisent à des dépôts de graisse en automne et à leur résorption en hiver. Ce dépôt de graisse détermine dans une large mesure la masse corporelle des sujets femelles. Parmi tous les Cervidés non-équatoriaux, il existe une forte corrélation entre la masse corporelle, le taux d'ovulation et le moment où se manifeste l'œstrus, laquelle est encore meilleure si l'on fait appel à la masse de matières de réserve plutôt qu'à la masse corporelle. Le fait que l'alimentation, comme facteur déterminant de la masse de matières de réserve plutôt qu'à la masse corporelle. Le fait que l'alimentation, comme facteur déterminant de la masse de matières de réserve et par là même de la masse corporelle, agisse sur la reproduction est bien documenté. La littérature, par contre, considère que c'est la masse corporelle à elle seule qui est déterminante. Sur base d'indications recueillies en médecine humaine, l'Auteur propose une hypothèse qui rend compte d'un mécanisme biochimique. Les tissus adipeux sont métaboliquement très actifs et »aromatisent« notamment l'androgène en œstrogène. Le moment de l'ovulation est indirectement déterminé par la concentration d'œstrogène dans le sang en ce qu'elle déclenche l'onde des hormones LH et FSH nécessaires à l'ovulation. Il est dès lors possible que la concentration d'œstrogène endogène dans le sang se met à croître du fait du métabolisme des graisses dans des proportions telles qu'ovulation s'ensuive. La contribution de l'œstrogène résultant du métabolisme des graisses est d'environ 30% chez les femmes en préménopause et 100% chez les femmes en post-ménopause. La masse de graisse contribue naturellement de façon proportionnelle à la production d'œstrogène. Afin de provoquer chez les Cervidés des taux de reproduction élevés, il est une condition préalable, à savoir que la population femelle dispose de ressources alimentaires de qualité ainsi que d'une structure d'habitat telles que que des réserves de graisse optimales puissent être emmagasinées au cours de la fin de l'été et de l'automne.

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Flueck, W.T. Erklärungshypothese zum Zusammenhang von Körpergewicht, Fettreserven und Ovulationsrate in nichtäquatorialen Cerviden. Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft 40, 12–21 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02241501

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