Skip to main content
Log in

Fatigue of polymers

  • Published:
International Journal of Fracture Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The general nature of fracture in polymers, when subject to alternating loads as distinct from static or steadily increasing loads, is reviewed; and the molecular mechanisms and micromechanics aspects of the fatigue fracture process are discussed. Some attention is given to thermal fatigue, where fracture results primarily from a large specimen temperature rise due to hysteresis heating. However, primary emphasis is devoted to mechanical fatigue, in which fracture is a result of initiation and propagation of a crack, as a result of the periodic nature of the applied load.

Attention is given to the important internal, or material, variables such as polymer structure, molecular weight, crosslinking, and filler or diluent type and content; and to significant external variables such as stress or stress intensity factor amplitude, mean stress, temperature, frequency and environment. Various methods that can be utilized to provide significant degrees of enhancement in the fatigue resistance of polymers are outlined and discussed.

Résumée

On passe en revue la nature générale de la rupture dans les polymeres lorsqu'ils sont sujets à des contraintes alternées en contraste par rapport à des contraintes statiques on croissantes de manière régulière. On discute également les mécanismes moléculaires et les aspects micromécaniques qui prennent place dans le processus de rupture par fatigue. Une attention particuliere est accodée à la fatigue thermique où les résultens de fatigue résultent principalement d'une élévation sensible de la température de l'éprouvette en raison du chauffage par hystérèse. Cependant,l'accent est principalement consacré à la fatigue mécanique dans lequel la rupture est le résultat d'un amorçage et d'une propagation d'une fissure tels qu'ils resultent de la nature périodique des charges appliquées.

On accorde une attention particulière à des variables importantes internes ou caractéristiques du matériau telles que la structure du polymère, le poids moléculaire, les liaisons et le type et contenu des agents de dilution. Des variables externes significatives telles que la contrainte ou 1'amplitude du facteur d'intensité de contrainte, la contrainte moyenne, la température, la fréquence et l'environnement sont également pris en considération. Des méthodes variées susceptibles d'être utilisées en vue d'accroitre de manière significative la résistance à la fatigue des polymères sont mis en avant et sont discutés.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. J.A. Manson and R.W. Hertzberg,Critical Reviews in Macromolecular Science 1 (1973) 433.

    Google Scholar 

  2. S. Rabinowitz and P. Beardmore,Critical Reviews in Macromolecular Science 1 (1972) 1.

    Google Scholar 

  3. R.P. Kambour,Macromolecular Reviews 7 (1973) 1.

    Google Scholar 

  4. W.J. Plumridge,Journal of Materials Science 7 (1972) 939.

    Google Scholar 

  5. E.H. Andrews, Chapter 7 inThe Physics of Glassy Polymers, Editor, R.N. Haward, Applied Science Publishers Ltd., London (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  6. J.M. Schultz,Treatise on Material Science and Technology 10 (1977) 599.

    Google Scholar 

  7. V.R. Regel and V.P. Tamuzh,Polymer Mechanics 13 (1977) 392.

    Google Scholar 

  8. E.H. Andrews,Fracture in Polymers, Oliver and Boyd, London (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  9. A.N. Gent, inFracture, an Advanced Treatise- VII, Editor, H. Liebowitz, Academic Press, N.Y. (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  10. J.W.S. Hearle,Journal of Materials Science 2 (1967) 474.

    Google Scholar 

  11. J.W.S. Hearle and E.A. Vaughn,Rheologica Acta 9 (1970) 76.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Special Technical Publication No. 569,Fatigue of Composite Materials, American Society of Testing Materials (1975).

  13. [13]J.D. Ferry,Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers, 2nd Edition, J. Wiley and Sons, N.Y. (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  14. J.A. Sauer, E. Foden and D.R. Morrow,Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977) 246.

    Google Scholar 

  15. E. Foden, D.R. Morrow and J.A. Sauer,Journal of Applied Polymer Science 16 (1972) 519.

    Google Scholar 

  16. P.P. Oldyrev and V.M. Parfeev,Polymer Mechanics 11 (1975) 682; 10 (1974) 148.

    Google Scholar 

  17. R.J. Crawford and P.P. Benham,Polymer 16 (1975) 908; Journal of Materials Science 9(1974) 18.

    Google Scholar 

  18. M.W. Riddell, G.P. Koo and J. O'Toole,Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966) 363.

    Google Scholar 

  19. T.R. Tauchert and S.M. Afzal,Journal of Applied Physics 38 (1967) 4565.

    Google Scholar 

  20. R.A. Attermo and G. Ostberg,International Journal of Fracture Mechanics 7 (1971) RCR 122–124.

    Google Scholar 

  21. M.D. Skibo, R.W. Hertzberg and J.A. Manson, Paper No. 4, 4th International Conference on Deformation, Yield and Fracture of Polymers, Cambridge, England, April (1979).

  22. C.B. Buchnall and W.W. Stevens, Papers No. 24, International Conference on Toughening of Plastics, London, July (1978).

  23. T. Nagamura, N. Kusumoto and M. Takayanagi,Journal of Polymer Science — Physics Edition 11 (1973) 2357.

    Google Scholar 

  24. C.P. Bareishis and D.V.A. Marchyulionis,Polymer Mechanics 13 (1977) 551.

    Google Scholar 

  25. R.W. Hertzberg,Deformation and Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials, J. Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  26. S. Rabinowitz and P. Beardmore,Journal of Materials Science 9 (1974) 81.

    Google Scholar 

  27. T.A. Johnson, Special Technical Publication 519,American Society of Testing Materials (1973).

  28. S.S. Kumar, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Utah (1976).

  29. A.M. Leksovskii and B. Gaffarov,Polymer Mechanics 12 (1976) 805; 12 (1976) 463.

    Google Scholar 

  30. S. Rabinowitz, D.R. Krause and P. Beardmore,Journal of Materials Science 8 (1973) 11.

    Google Scholar 

  31. J.A. Sauer, A.D. McMaster and D.R. Morrow,Journal of Macromolecular Science — Physics B 12 (1976) 535.

    Google Scholar 

  32. P. Colclough, J.N. Hay and H. Walker,Journal of Polymer Science — Polymer Letters Edition 16 (1978) 591.

    Google Scholar 

  33. V.I. Vettegren and A.E. Chmel, Polymer Mechanics 12 (1976) 463.

    Google Scholar 

  34. T.A. Johnson,Journal of Applied Physics 43 (1972) 1311.

    Google Scholar 

  35. J.L. Weaver and C.L. Beatty,Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978) 1117.

    Google Scholar 

  36. V.A. Sherstnev and A. Ya. Gol'dman,Polymer Mechanics 13 (1977) 31.

    Google Scholar 

  37. W.F. Brown and J.E. Strawley, Special Technical Publication 410,American Society of Testing Materials (1966) 12.

  38. P.C. Paris and F. Erdogan,Journal of Basic Engineering, Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Series D, 85 (1963) 528.

    Google Scholar 

  39. R.W. Hertzberg, J.A. Manson and M.D. Skibo,Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975) 252.

    Google Scholar 

  40. N.J. Mills and N. Walker,Polymer 17 (1976) 335.

    Google Scholar 

  41. R.W. Hertzberg, J.A. Manson and W.C. Wa, Special Technical Publication 536,American Society of Testing Materials (1973) 391.

  42. F.X. de Chartentanay, F. Laghouati and J. Dewas, Paper No. 6, 4th International Conference on Deformation, Yield and Fracture of Polymers, Cambridge, England, April (1979).

  43. J.P. Elinck, J.C. Bauwens and G. Homes,International Journal of Fracture Mechanics 7 (1971) 277–287.

    Google Scholar 

  44. R.W. Herzberg and J.A. Manson,Journal of Materials Science 8 (1973) 1554.

    Google Scholar 

  45. M.D. Skibo, R.W. Herzberg, J.A. Manson and S.L. Kim,Journal of Materials Science 12 (1977) 531.

    Google Scholar 

  46. D.S. Dugdale,Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids 8 (1960) 100.

    Google Scholar 

  47. J.G. Williams,Journal of Materials Science 12 (1977) 2525.

    Google Scholar 

  48. R.W. Hertzberg, M.D. Skibo and J.A. Manson,Journal of Materials Science 13 (1978) 1038.

    Google Scholar 

  49. S.N. Zhurkov,International Journal of Fracture Mechanics 1 (1965) 311–323.

    Google Scholar 

  50. S.N. Zhurkov and V.E. Korsukov,Journal of Polymer Science — Physics Edition 12 (1974) 385.

    Google Scholar 

  51. G.M. Bartenev and B.M. Tulinov,Polymer Mechanics 13 (1977) 1.

    Google Scholar 

  52. V.R. Regel and A.M. Leksovsky,International Journal of Fracture Mechanics 3 (1967) 99–110;Polymer Mechanics 5 (1969) 58.

    Google Scholar 

  53. R.W. Hertzberg, J.A. Manson and M.D. Skibo,Polymer 19 (1978) 358.

    Google Scholar 

  54. M.D. Skibo, R.W. Hertzberg and J.A. Manson,Journal of Materials Science 11 (1976) 479.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Y.W. Mai,Journal of Materials Science 9 (1974) 1896.

    Google Scholar 

  56. J.C. Radon, P. Chauhan and L.E. Culver,Colloid and Polymer Science 254 (1976) 382.

    Google Scholar 

  57. J.A. Manson, R.W. Hertzberg, S.L. Kim and M. Skibo,Polymer 16 (1975) 850.

    Google Scholar 

  58. M.D. Skibo, Ph.D. Dissertation, Lehigh University (1977).

  59. R.W. Hertzberg, M.D. Skibo, J.A. Manson and J.K. Donnell,Journal of Materials Science (to be published).

  60. G.C. Martin and W.W. Gerberich,Journal of Materials Science 11 (1976) 231.

    Google Scholar 

  61. A.V. Stinskas, Ya.P. Baushis and I.P. Bareishis,Polymer Mechanics 8 (1972) 48.

    Google Scholar 

  62. B. Mukherjee and D.J. Burns,Experimental Mechanics 11 (1971) 433.

    Google Scholar 

  63. N.E. Waters,Journal of Materials Science 1 (1966) 354.

    Google Scholar 

  64. H.F. Borduas, L. Culver and D.J. Burns,Journal of Strain Analysis 3 (1968) 3.

    Google Scholar 

  65. E.H. Andrews and B.J. Walker,Proceedings of the Royal Society A 325 (1971) 57.

    Google Scholar 

  66. A.D. McMaster, D.R. Morrow and J.A. Sauer,Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974) 801.

    Google Scholar 

  67. J.P. Berry, Chapter II B inFracture Processes in Polymeric Solids, B. Rosen, Editor, J. Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  68. A.D. McMaster, Ph.D. Dissertation, Rutgers University (1974).

  69. L.E. Nielsen,Journal of Composite Materials 9 (1975) 149.

    Google Scholar 

  70. G.P. Marshall, L.E. Culver and J.G. Williams,International Journal of Fracture Mechanics 9 (1973) 295–309.

    Google Scholar 

  71. J.A. Sauer and K.D. Pae, Chapter 7 inIntroduction to Polymer Science and Technology, H.S. Kaufmann and J.J. Falcetta, Editors, J. Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  72. C. Chung and J.A. Sauer,Journal of Polymer Science-Part A2, 9 (1971) 1097.

    Google Scholar 

  73. J.S. Harris and I.M. Ward,Journal of Materials Science 8 (1973) 1655.

    Google Scholar 

  74. J.A. Sauer,Polymer 19 (1978) 859.

    Google Scholar 

  75. S.L. Kim, M. Skibo, J.A. Manson and R.W. Hertzberg,Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977) 194.

    Google Scholar 

  76. F. Ohishi, S. Nakamura, D. Koyomu, K. Minabe, Y. Fujisawa and Y. Tsuruga,Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976) 79.

    Google Scholar 

  77. J.R. Martin, J.F. Johnson and D.R. Cooper,Reviews of Macromolecular Chemistry C8 (1972) 57.

    Google Scholar 

  78. J.A. Sauer, S. Warty and S. Kaka, Paper No. 26, 4th International Conference on Deformation, Yield and Fracture of Polymers, Cambridge, England, April (1979).

  79. S. Warty, J.A. Sauer and A. Charlesby,European Polymer Journal 15 (1979) 445.

    Google Scholar 

  80. J.E. Kita and E.J. Kramer,Bulletin of the American Physical Society 24 (1979) 416.

    Google Scholar 

  81. S.N. Zhurkov,International Journal of Fracture 11 (1975) 629–639.

    Google Scholar 

  82. C.L. Beatty and J.L. Weaver,Bulletin of the American Physical Society 24 (1979) 378.

    Google Scholar 

  83. S. Wellinghoff and E. Baer,Journal of Macromolecular Science — Physics B11 (1975) 367.

    Google Scholar 

  84. S.L. Kim, J. Janiszewski, M.D. Skibo, J.A. Manson and R.W. Hertzberg,Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979) 145.

    Google Scholar 

  85. C.B. Buchnall,Toughened Plastics, Applied Science Publishers Ltd., London (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  86. J.A. Manson and L.H. Sperling,Polymer Blends and Composites, Plenum Press, N.Y. (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  87. C.B. Buchnall, K.V. Gotham and P.I. Vincent, Chapter inPolymer Science (A.D. Jenkins, Editor) North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  88. R.W. Hertzberg, H. Nordberg and J.A. Manson,Journal of Materials Science 5 (1970) 521.

    Google Scholar 

  89. M.D. Skibo, J. Janiszewski, R. W. Hertzberg and J.A. Manson, Paper No. 25 International Conference on Toughening of Plastics, London, July (1978).

  90. M.D. Skibo, J.A. Manson, S.M. Webler, R.W. Hertzberg and E.A. Collins, American Chemical Society Symposium Series 95 (1979) 311.

    Google Scholar 

  91. H. Bartesh and D.R.G. Williams,Journal of Applied Polymer Science 22 (1978) 467.

    Google Scholar 

  92. J.W. Dally and D.H. Carrillo,Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969) 434.

    Google Scholar 

  93. J. Langford, W.J. Astleford and M.A. Asher,Journal of Materials Science 11 (1976) 1624.

    Google Scholar 

  94. T.A. Freitag and S.L. Cannon,Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 11 (1977) 609.

    Google Scholar 

  95. A.T. Di Benedetto and G. Sales,Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979) 512.

    Google Scholar 

  96. F. Erdogan,Crack Propagation Theorems—An Advanced Treatise, Academic Press, N.Y. (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  97. T. Tanimoto and S. Amjima,Journal of Composite Materials 9 (1975) 381.

    Google Scholar 

  98. K. Suzuki, S. Yada, N. Mabuchi, K. Seiuchi and Y. Matsutani,Kobunshi Kagaku 28 (1971) 120.

    Google Scholar 

  99. P.E. Bratz, R.W. Hertzberg and J.A. Manson, Technical Report No. 2, Office of Naval Research Task No. NR 356-670, December 28 (1978).

  100. J.F. Mandell,Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979) 353.

    Google Scholar 

  101. J.A. Sauer, S. Warty and A. Charlesby,Bulletin of the American Physical Society 24 (1979) 290.

    Google Scholar 

  102. S.B. Ratner and N.I. Barasch,Polymer Mechanics 1 (1965) 124.

    Google Scholar 

  103. J.R. Martin and J.F. Johnson,Journal of Polymer Science — Physics Edition 12 (1977) 1081.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Y.W. Mai,Journal of Materials Science 9 (1974) 1896.

    Google Scholar 

  105. S. Warty, D.R. Morrow and J.A. Sauer,Polymer 19 (1978) 1465.

    Google Scholar 

  106. L.F. Henry,Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974) 167.

    Google Scholar 

  107. G.A. Bernier and R.P. Kambour,Macromolecules 1 (1968) 393.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Y.W. Mai and A.G. Atkins,Journal of Materials Science 11 (1976) 677.

    Google Scholar 

  109. E.H. Andrews and S. Bevan,Polymer 13 (1972) 337.

    Google Scholar 

  110. P.I. Vincent and S. Raha,Polymer 13 (1972) 283.

    Google Scholar 

  111. C.C. Hsiao and J.A. Sauer,Journal of Applied Physics 21 (1950) 1071.

    Google Scholar 

  112. I. Narasawa,Journal of Polymer Science — Part A2 10 (1972) 1789.

    Google Scholar 

  113. E.J. Good and E.D. Katsidas,Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 66 (1978) 360.

    Google Scholar 

  114. K. Matsushige, E. Baer and S.V. Radcliffe,Journal of Macromolecular Science — Physics 11 (1975) 565.

    Google Scholar 

  115. M.C. Shen and A.V. Tobolsky, Chapter 2 inPlasticization and Plasticizer Processes, advances in Chemistry Series 48 (1964) 27.

    Google Scholar 

  116. G. Rehage and G. Goldbach,Angewende Makromolecular Chemistry 1 (1967) 125.

    Google Scholar 

  117. N. Chheda, M.S. Thesis, Rutgers University (1979).

  118. N. Chheda, S. Kaka and J.A. Sauer, to be published.

  119. N. Chheda, C. Chen and J.A. Sauer, to be published.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Sauer, J.A., Richardson, G.C. Fatigue of polymers. Int J Fract 16, 499–532 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02265215

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02265215

Keywords

Navigation