Summary
In the absence of disturbances at the free surfaces, secondary flow due to elastic forces occurs in elastic liquids sheared in cone-and-plate rheometers but not in parallel-plate rheometers. In both types of apparatus an instability is observed. Using a theory based on a fracture mechanism, the critical normal stress differences for the onset of the instability can be correctly predicted for both types of apparatus. It is concluded that the fracture instability is a distinctly different effect from the secondary flow considered.
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References
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Hutton, J.F. Fracture and secondary flow of elastic liquids. Rheol Acta 8, 54–59 (1969). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02321355
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02321355