Abstract
Tourette syndrome has recently been brought to public attention through popular media. This review of the literature is an effort to communicate to special educators and allied professionals in nonmedical terms the present state of the art with regard to the definition, symptoms, etiology, treatment, and educational implications of Tourette. The review is concluded with suggestions for the education of Tourette students.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abuzzahab, F. E., & Anderson, F. O. (1973). Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.Minnesota Medicine, 56, 492–496.
American Psychiatric Association. (1980).Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Author.
Ascher, E. (1948). Psychodynamic considerations in Gilles de la Tourette's disease.American Journal of Psychiatry, 105, 267–275.
Baron, M., Shapiro, E., Shapiro, A. K., & Rainer, J. D. (1981). Genetic analysis of Tourette syndrome suggesting major gene affect.American Journal of Human Genetics, 33, 767–775.
Beard, G. M. (1880). Experiments with the jumpers or jumping Frenchmen of Maine.Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 7, 387–490.
Caine, E. D., & Polinsky, R. J. (1979. Haloperidol-induced dysphoria in patients with Tourette syndrome.American Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 1216–1217.
Chambert, L. (1893). De la maladie des tics.Archives de Neurologie, 25, 10–41.
Clark, D. F. (1966). Behavior therapy of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.British Journal of Psychiatry, 112, 771–778.
Cohen, D. J., Detlor, J., Young, G., & Shaywitz, B. (1980). Clonidine ameliorates Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 1350–1357.
Corbett, J. A., Matthews, A. M., Connell, P. H., & Shapiro, D. A. (1969). Tics and Gilles de la Torette syndrome: A follow-up study and critical review.British Journal of Psychiatry, 115, 1229–1241.
Cratty, B. J. (1969).Perceptual-motor behavior and educational processes. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C Thomas.
Doleys, D. M., & Kurtz, P. S. (1974). A behavioral treatment program for Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.Psychological Reports, 35, 43–48.
Dunlap, J. R. (1960). A case of Gills de la Tourette disease: A study of intrafamily dynamics.Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 130, 340–344.
Durham, R. H. (1964).Encyclopedia of medical syndrome. New York: Harper & Row.
Editorial. (1953).Journal of the American Medical Association, 151, 962–963.
Eisenberg, L., Ascher, E., & Kanner, L. (1959). A clinical study of Gilles de La Tourette disease (maladies des tics) in children.American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 715–723.
Fenichel, G. (1945).The psychoanalytic theory of neuroses. New York: W. W. Norton.
Fernald, G. (1943).Remedial techniques in basic school subjects. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Frederich, D. J. (1971). Treatment of a tic by systematic desensitization and massed response evocation.Journal of Behavioral Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 2, 281–283.
Friel, P. B. (1973). Familial incidence of Gilles de la Tourette disease with observations on etiology and treatment.British Journal of Psychiatry, 122, 655–658.
Gearheart, B. R. (1973).Learning disabilities: Educational strategies. St. Louis: C. V. Mosby.
Gilles de la Tourette, G. (1885). Etudes sur une affection nerveuse characterisée par l'incoordination motrice accompagnée d'ècholalie et de coprolalie (jumping, latah, myriachit).Archives de Neurologie, 9, 19–42.
Golden, G. S. (1977). Tourette syndrome.American Journal of Diseases of Children, 131, 531–534.
Hagin, R. A., Beecher, R., Greeger, H., & Pagano, G. (1980). Guidelines for the education of children with Tourette syndrome. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Montreal.
Hagin, R. A., Beecher, R., Pagano, G., Krieger, H. (1982). Effects of Tourette syndrome on learning. In A. J.Friedhoff & T. N. Chase(eds.), Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. New York: Raven Press.
Hajal, F., & Leach, A. M. (1981). Familial aspects of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.American Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 90–92.
Hammand, W. A. (1884). Myriachit: A newly described disease of the nervous system and its analogues.British Medical Journal, 2, 758–759.
Harcherik, D. F., Carbonair, C. M., Shaywitz, S. E., Shaywitz, B., & Cohen, D. J. (1982). Attentional and perceptual disturbances in children with Tourette's syndrome, attention deficit disorder and epilepsy.Schizophrenia Bulletin, 8, 356–359.
Incagnoti, T., & Kane, R. (1981). Neuropsychological functioning in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 3, 165–169.
Itard, J. M. G. (1825). Memoire sur quelques fonctions involuntaires des appareils de la locomotion de la prehension et de la voix.Archives de Médecine Generale 8, 385–407.
Jagger, J., Prusoff, B. A., Cohen, D. J., Kidd, K. K., Carbonair, C. M., & John, K. (1982). The epidemiology of Tourette syndrome: A pilot study.Schizophrenia Bulletin, 8, 267–277.
Johnson, D., & Myklebust, H. (1967).Learning disabilities: Educational principles and practices. New York: Grune and Stratton.
Johnson, J. (1905). A case of maladie des tics convulsion.British Medical Journal, 2, 810.
Kanner, L. (1957).Child psychiatry. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C Thomas.
Kelman, D. H. (1965). Gilles de la Tourette's disease in children: A review of the literature.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 6, 219–226.
Keough, B. K., Wester, J., McGinty, A., & Donlon, G. (1973). Functional analysis of WISC performance of learning disordered, hyperactive and mentally retarded boys.Psychology in the Schools, 10, 178–181.
Lowe, T. L., Cohen, D. J., Detlor, J., Krementzer, M. W., & Shaywitz, J. A. (1982). Stimulant medications precipitate Tourette syndrome.J. Am. Med. Assoc., 247, 1729–1731.
Lucas, A. R. (1964). Gilles de la Tourette disease in children: Treatment with phenothiazine drugs.American Journal of Psychiatry, 121, 606–608.
Mahler, M. A. (1949). A psychoanalytic evaluation of tic psychopathology of children.Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 3–4, 279–310.
Mahler, M. S., & Luke, J. A. (1946). Outcome of the tic syndrome.Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 103, 433–445.
Mahler, M. S., & Rangell, L. (1943). Psychosomatic study of maladie des tics.Psychiatric Quarterly, 17, 579–603.
Messiha, F. S., Venecko, V., O'Brien, V., & Corson, S. A. (1971). Haloperidol therapy in Tourette's syndrome: Neurological, biochemical and behavioral correlates.Life Sciences, 10, 449–457.
Meyers, A. (1980).Education and the Tourette child. New York: Tourette Syndrome Association.
Michael, R. P. (1957). Treatment of a case of compulsive swearing.British Medical Journal, 1, 1506–1508.
Mikkelsen, E. J. (1980, Spring).Education and the Tourette child. Paper presented at the Spring Membership Meeting, Tourette Syndrome Association.
Mikkelsen, E. J., Detlor, J., & Cohen, D. J. (1981). School avoidance and school phobia triggered by haloperidol in patients with Tourette's disorder.American Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 1572–1575.
Moldofsky, H. (1971). A psychophysiological study of multiple tics.Archives of General Psychiatry, 25, 79–86.
Prince, M. (1906). Case of multiform tic including automatic speech and purposive movements.Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 33, 29–34.
Rafi, A. A. (1962). Learning theory and the treatment of tics.Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 6, 71–76.
Salmi, K. (1961). Gilles de la Tourette's disease: The report of a case and its treatment.Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 36, 157–162.
Sanders, D. G. (1973). Familial occurrence of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.Archives of General Psychiatry, 28, 326–328.
Schneck, J. M. (1960). Gilles de la Tourette disease.American Journal of Psychiatry, 117, 178.
Shapiro, A. K., & Shapiro, E. (1971). Clinical dangers of psychological theorizing.Psychiatric Quarterly, 45, 159–171.
Shapiro, A. K., & Shapiro, E. (1981b). Do stimulants provoke, cause, or exacerbate tics and Tourette syndrome?Comprehensive Psychiatry, 22, 265–273.
Shapiro, A. K., & Shapiro, E. (1981a). The treatment and etiology of tics and Tourette syndxrome.Comprehensive Psychiatry, 22, 193–205.
Shapiro, A. K., & Shapiro, E. (1982). An update on Tourette syndrome.American Journal of Psychotherapy, 36, 379–390.
Shapiro, A. K., Shapiro, E., Bruun, R. D., & Sweet, R. D. (1978).Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. New York: Raven Press.
Shapiro, A. K., Shapiro, E., Wayne, H., & Clarkin, J. (1973). Organic factors in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.British Journal of Psychiatry, 122, 659–664.
Showalter, J. E. (1980). Tics.Pediatrics in Review, 2, 55–57.
Stahl, S., & Berger, P. (1981). Physostigmine in Tourette syndrome: Evidence for cholinergic underactivity.American Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 2.
Teitelbaum, B. R. (1979). Tourette and teachers.Kappa Delta Pi Record, 89–91.
Thomas E. J., Abrams, K. S., & Johnson, J. B. (1971). Self-monitoring and reciprocal inhibition in the modification of multiple tics and Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.Journal of Behavioral Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 3, 159–171.
Wertheim, J. (1979).Coping with Tourette syndrome in the classroom. New York: Tourette Syndrome Association.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bauer, A.M., Shea, T.M. Tourette syndrome: A review and educational implications. J Autism Dev Disord 14, 69–80 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02408556
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02408556