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Biogeography and composition of dry forest bird communities in Bolivia

Biogeographie und Zusammensetzung von Vogelgemeinschaften in saisonalen lrockenwäldern Boliviens

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Summary

In Bolivia dry forests are distributed extensively in the southeastern lowlands and extend into the country's northern and southern Andes in rain-shadowed intermontane valleys, where they often form habitat islands. We examined the biogeography and composition of bird communities at 14 Andean and seven lowland dry forest localities in Bolivia. To minimise biases, analyses considered only core speciessensu Remsen (1994) of zonal vegetation types. Of a total of 608 recorded species, 454 were zonal forest core species and 99 (22 %) typical dry forest species. Core species richness varied from 65 to 156 at individual sites. One species occurred at all sites and 154 (34 %) at a single locality each; this tendency was most evident in the northern Bolivian Andes where 46 % of core species were recorded only once. Comparisons of species composition showed that sites in the northern valleys were the most heterogeneous and distinct. Localities in the southern valleys were the most homogeneous with affinities to lowland dry forests; the latter separated into Velasco forest and Chaco woodland sites, respectively. A continuous ordination of sites revealed a steep gradient from large habitat areas in the dry southeastern lowlands to small, relatively humid Andean habitat islands in the northwest. Typical dry forest species were most prevalent in large habitat areas in the dry south, whereas typical humid forest species predominated in the relatively humid northern Andean habitat islands. Frugi-granivores and nectarivores such as pigeons and doves, hummingbirds, and emberizid finches were most prevalent at Andean sites, whereas insectivores made relatively greater contributions to lowland bird communities. The biogeographical affinities of Bolivian dry forest birds are varied. Overall, lowland birds gradually decreased and Andean species gradually increased with elevation, which was most pronounced in the southern Bolivian Andes; we found no elevational threshold of increased avifaunal turnover. An examination of range limits of typical dry forest species revealed a pronounced northwestward reduction of the dry forest avifauna from Chaco lowlands to small, isolated valleys in the northern Bolivian Andes. With seven species restricted to the Andean dry forests of Bolivia, this area has a considerably higher level of endemism than the Chaco. Andean dry forests were colonised by lowland species in two different ways. In the southern valleys and upper northern valleys, dry forest species ascended directly from the adjacent Chaco. The lower northern valleys were probably colonised by dry forest species during drier and cooler periods of the Pleistocene that resulted in expansions of seasonally dry tropical forest in Amazonia.

Zusammenfassung

Trockenwalder sind in Bolivien im südöstlichen Tiefland weft verbreitet und erstrecken sich in den nördlichen und südlichen Anden des Landes in regenbeschattete intermontane Täler, wo she oft isolierte Habitatinseln bilden. Wir untersuchten die Biogeographie und Zusammensetzung von Vogelgemeinschaften in 14 andinen und sieben im Tiefland gelegenen Trockenwaldlokalitäten in Bolivien. Um Verzerrungen zu minimieren wurden alle Analysen ausschließich mit Kernarten nach Remsen (1994) in zonalen Habitattypen durchgeführt. Von den insgesamt 608 registrierten Arten waxen 454 Kernarten zonaler Walter und 99 (22 %) typische Trockenwaldarten. Die Anzahl an Kernarten pro Lokalität lag zwischen 65 und 156. Eine Art kam in allen Untersuchungsgebieten und 154 Arten (34 %) kamen jeweils in nur einer Lokalitat vor; these Tendenz war am deutlichsten in den bolivianischen Nordanden, wo 46 % aller Kernarten jeweils in nur einer Lokalität nachgewiesen wurden. In Bezug auf ihre Artzusammensetzung waxen die nordandinen Untersuchungsgebiete untereinander und im Vergleich zu den anderen Regionen am stärksten differenziert. Lokalitäten in den Südanden Boliviens waxen die homogensten und zeigten Affinitäten zu den Tieflandstrockenwäldern. Letztere trennten sich in Velasco- und Chaco-Lokalitaten auf. Eine kontinuierliche Ordination der Untersuchungsgebiete offenbarte einen deutlichen Gradienten von großen Habitatarealen im trockenen südöstlichen Tiefland hin zu kleinen, relativ humiden andinen Habitatinseln im Nordwesten Boliviens. Typische Trockenwaldarten herrschten in großen Trockenwaldarealen im Süden vor, wogegen typische Feuchtwaldarten in den relativ humiden Habitatinseln in den nördlichen Anden Boliviens dominierten. Frugigranivore und Nektarivore wie zum Beispiel Tauben, Emberiziden und Kolibris waxen am stärksten in andinen Lokalitäten vertreten, wogegen Insektivore eine h6heren Anteil an den Vogelgemeinschaften im Tiefland hatten. Die biogeographischen Affinitäten der bolivianischen Trockenwaldvögel sind vielfältig. Insgesamt zeigten Tieflandarten eine graduelle Abnahme und andine Arten eine graduelle Zunahme mit der Meereshöhe, was in den bolivianischen Sudanden am deutlichsten war; eine Höhenschwelle mit sprunghafter Änderung der Zusammensetzung gab es nicht. Eine Untersuchung der Verbreitungsgrenzen typischer Trockenwaldarten offenbarte eine deutliche Abnahme der Trockenwald-Avifauna in nordwestlicher Richtung vom Chaco im Tiefland hin zu kleinen, isolierten Trockentälern der bolivianischen Nordanden. Mit insgesamt sieben Arten, die auf die andinen Trockenwälder Boliviens beschränkt sind, hat dieses Gebiet einen wesentlich höheren Endemismusgrad als der Chaco. Die andinen Trockenwälder Boliviens wurden von Tieflandarten auf zwei verschiedene Weisen besiedelt. Die Südanden und oberen Täler der Nordanden Boliviens wurden von Trockenwaldarten direkt aus dem angrenzenden Gran Chaco kolonisiert. Die unteren Täler der Nordanden wurden von Trockenwaldarten wahrscheinlich während trockenerer und kühlerer Perioden des Pleistozäns, welche die Ausdehnung saisonaler Trockenwälder im Amazonasgebiet zur Folge hatten, besiedelt.

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Herzog, S.K., Kessler, M. Biogeography and composition of dry forest bird communities in Bolivia. J Ornithol 143, 171–204 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02465448

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