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An experimental stress analysis of the neck of the femur

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Abstract

The paper is concerned with the experimental analysis of the distribution of stress across the neck of the femur (thigh bone). The case considered was that of a man supported on one leg, a position which imposes maximum static load on the femur. The frozen stress method of three dimensional photoelasticity was adopted as the means of solution. A procedure was devised for correcting the results obtained from a homogeneous photoelastic model to apply to the case of bone which was considered to be composed of two main regions, a hard shell and a softer core. The bending and axial stress components so determined show a distribution which can be predicted by an engineering analysis but the shear stress distribution is not so satisfactory.

Furthermore, additional weight has been added to the theory that bone growth occurs in response to applied stress.

Sommaire

Le mémoire s'occupe de l'analyse expérimentale de la force à travers le col du fémur (l'os de la cuisse). Le cas considéré était celui d'un homme soutenu par une jambe, une position qui impose un maximum de fardeau statique sur le fémur. La méthode de force fixée de photoélasticité à trois dimensions a été adoptée comme moyen de solution. Un procédé a été conçu pour corriger les résultats obtenus d'un modèle photoélastique homogène pour être appliqué au cas de l'os qui était considéré d'être composé de deux régions principales, une couche extérieure dure et un centre plus mou. Les constituantes de l'effort d'inclinaison et axial, déterminées ainsi, montrent une distribution qui peut être prédite par une analyse technique mais la distribution de force appliquée n'est pas tellement satisfaisante.

En outre, un poids additionnel a été ajouté à la théorie qu'une croissance de l'os se produit comme une réaction à la force appliquée.

Zusammenfassung

Der Bericht befasst sich mit der experimentellen Verteilungsanalyse von Spannungen über dem Hals des Oberschenkels (Schenkelbein). Der in Betracht gezogene Fall war der, eines auf einem Bein gehaltenen Mannes, einer Stellung, welche dem Oberschenkel maximum statische Belastung auferlegt. Die Spannungsgefriermethode von dreidimensionaler Photoelastizität wurde als Lösungsmittel angenommen. Ein Verfahren wurde für die Korrektur der, aus einem homogenen photoelastischem Modell erhaltenen Ergebnisse in Bezug auf den Fall des Knochens entworfen, welcher, aus zwei Hauptregionen bestehend, betrachtet wurde, einer harten Hülle und einem weichen Kern. Die so bestimmten Biege- und axialen Spannungskomponenten weisen eine Verteilung auf, welche mit einer technischen Analyse vorausgesagt werden kann, die Schubspannungsverteilung ist jedoch nicht so zufriedenstellend.

Ausserdem kommt zusätzliche Schwere zu der Theorie, dass Knochenwuchs als Reaktion auf angewandte Spannung erfolgt.

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Abbreviations

A α ,A β :

Cross-sectional areas of α and β regions of the neck cross-section

A, B, α′, β′ :

Constants describing the shape of the idealized neck cross-section

E α ,E β ,E m :

Modulus of Elasticity for α and β regions of neck and of model

P *,Q *,M * :

Axial force, shear force and bending

P′, Q′, M′ :

moment

w α ,w β ,w :

Cross-sectional width of α and β regions of neck and of model cross-section at any depth

x, y, z :

Co-ordinate axes

μ α ,μ β ,μ m :

Poisson's ratio for α and β regions of neck and of model

σ α,σ β,σ m :

Direct stress components in α and β regions of neck and in model

τ α,τ β,τ m :

Shear stress components in α and β regions of neck and in model

θ, ϕ:

Polar co-ordinates

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Williams, J.F., Svensson, N.L. An experimental stress analysis of the neck of the femur. Med. & biol. Engng. 9, 479–493 (1971). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02474705

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