Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Austenitic-ferritic stainless steels: A state-of-the-art review

  • Stainless Steels
  • Published:
Metal Science and Heat Treatment Aims and scope

Abstract

Austenitic-ferritic stainless steels, more commonly known as duplex stainless steels, or DSS for short, consist of two basic phases. One is austenite, A, and the other is ferrite, F, present in about equal amounts (but not less than 30% each). The two phases owe their corrosion resistance to the high chromium content. Compared to austenitic stainless steels, ASS, they are stronger (without sacrificing ductility), resist corrosion better, and cost less due to their relatively low nickel content. DSS can be used in an environment where standard ASS are not durable enough, such as chloride solutions (ships, petrochemical plant, etc.). Due to their low nickel content and the presence of nickel, DSS have good weldability. However, they have a limited service temperature range (from −40 to 300°) because heating may cause them to give up objectionable excess phases and lower the threshold of cold brittleness in the heat-affected zone of welded joints. State-of-the art DSS are alloyed with nitrogen to stabilize their austenite, and in this respect the nitrogen does the job of nickel. Also, nitrogen enhances the strength and resistance to pitting and improves the structure of welds.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. I. Ya. Sokol,Two-Phase Steels [in Russian], Metallurgiya, Moscow (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  2. É. G. Fel'dgandler, N. A. Sorokina, T. V. Svistunova, and F. L. Levin, in:Problems of Modern Metallurgy [in Russian], Metallurgiya, Moscow (1983), pp. 160–168.

    Google Scholar 

  3. É. G. Fel'dgandler, A. D. Goronkova, and N. A. Sorokina, in:Sborn. Nauch. Trudov VNIIK [in Russian], NIITÉKhIM, Moscow (1984), pp. 36–41.

    Google Scholar 

  4. F. L. Levin, A. D. Goronkova, É. G. Fel'dgandler, et al.,Chermetinformatsia, Issue 11 (190) (1984).

  5. S. Czyzowicz,Pr. Inst. Met. Zelaza,36(3–4), 108–116 (1984).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. N. D. Tomashov and G. P. Chernova,Theory of Corrosion and Stainless Alloys [in Russian], Metallurgiya, Moscow (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  7. B. I. Voronenko,Itogi Nauki Tekhn., Ser. Metalloved. Term. Obrab., VINITI, Akad. Nauk SSSR,22, 41–95 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  8. F. L. Levin, T. V. Svistunova, N. A. Sorokina, and É. G. Fel'dgandler, in:Metallurgy: Problems, Search, and Solutions [in Russian], Metallurgiya, Moscow (1989), pp. 254–267.

    Google Scholar 

  9. I. Ya. Sokol, E. A. Ul'yanin, É. G. Fel'dgandler, et al.,An Atlas of Structure and Corrosion of Metals and Alloys [in Russian], Metallurgiya, Moscow (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  10. E. A. Ul'yanin,Stainless Steels and Alloys [in Russian], Metallurgiya, Moscow (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  11. J. Charles,Proc. Conf. Duplex Stainless Steels'91, Les Editions de Physique, Les Ulis, France (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  12. J.-O. Nilsson,Mater. Sci. Technol.,8(8), 685–700 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. B. I. Voronenko,Litein. Proizvod., No. 6, 8–13 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  14. N. A. Frolov, S. M. Kutepov, G. A. Zheltova, et al.,Probl. Spets. Elektrometall., No. 3, 26–30 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  15. É. G. Fel'dgandler, L. Ya. Savkina, and N. L. Bogatova, in:Efficient Heat Treatment and Alloying Methods to Improve Properties of Quality Steels and Alloys [in Russian], Metallurgiya, Moscow (1988), pp. 108–112.

    Google Scholar 

  16. É. G. Fel'dgandler, L. Ya. Savkina, G. S. Bykovskii, et al.,Stal', No. 8, 83–85 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  17. B. Sundman, B. Jansson, and J.-O. Andersson,Calphad,9, 153 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. B. Josefsson, J.-O. Nilsson, and A. Wilson,Proc. Conf. Duplex Stainless Steels '91, Les Ulis, France (1991).

  19. É. G. Fel'dgandler and L. Ya. Savkina,Chern. Metall., No. 11, 24–34 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  20. B. A. Araev and B. I. Voronenko,Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved., Chern. Metall., No. 8, 90–95 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  21. P. D. Southwick and F. W. K. Honeycombe,Met. Sci.,14, 253–261 (1980).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. A. Redjaimia, P. Ruterana, and G. Metauer,Phil. Mag. A,67(5), 1277–1286 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. K. G. Farkhutdinov and R. G. Zaripova,Metallofizika,15(2), 23–30 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. R. T. Johansson and J. J. Nilsson, in:Stainless Steels '84: Proc. Conf. Göteborg, 1984, London (1985), pp. 446–451 (1985).

  25. M. M. Kristal', S. M. Kutepov, T. I. Lisitsina, and S. I. Esina, in:New Stainless Steels and Alloys and Corrosion Protection [in Russian], pp. 57–59 (1986).

  26. P. Norberg, in:Proc. Conf. Duplex Stainless Steels Hague, Nederalands Inst. Lastetechniek, Netherlands (1986) p. 298.

  27. K. Fukaura, H. Izumi, and H. Kawabe,J. Jpn. Soc. Strength Fract. Mater.,20(4), 135–144 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  28. H. Masuda,J. Iron Steel Inst. Jpn.,73(4), 346 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  29. Alliages et produits: Alliages anti-corrosion pour millieux chlorures, Cedex 33-F-9270, Paris la Defence, IMPHY S. A. (1993).

  30. T. Wu and W. Liu,J. Cent.-S. Inst. Min. Met.,24(3), 342–347 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. L. P. Laricheva,Ductility, Kinetics, and Deformation Resistance of Austenitic-Ferritic Stainless Steels at Hot Pressure Working Temperatures, Author's Abstract of Candidate's Thesis [in Russian], Siberian Metallurgical Institute, Novosibirsk (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  32. O. A. Bannych,Z. Metallik,75(10), 781–789 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  33. R. K. Gibson and D. C. Brophey, in:Superfine Grain in Metals [in Russian], Metallurgiya, Moscow (1973), pp. 347–363.

    Google Scholar 

  34. L. A. Pisarevskii, A. P. Lubenskii, D. V. Aparin, and Z. P. Semikolenova, in:Efficient Heat Treatment and Alloying Methods to Improve Properties of Quality Steels and Alloys [in Russian], Metallurgiya, Moscow (1988), pp. 64–67.

    Google Scholar 

  35. M. I. Abbasov, in:Improvements in Fabrication and Workmanship of Oil Field Equipment [in Russian], Perm' (1986), pp. 44–50.

  36. É. G. Fel'dgandler and L. Ya. Savkina, in:Improvements in the Characteristics of Quality Steels through Optimization of Alloying and Structure [in Russian], Metallurgiya, Moscow (1984), pp. 37–40.

    Google Scholar 

  37. B. Larsson, H. Gripenberg, and R. Mellström, in:Stainless Steels '84: Proc. Conf., London (1985), pp. 452–462.

  38. Yu. I. Romatovskii, B. I. Voronenko, G. V. Chumalo, and R. K. Melekhov,Fiz. Khim. Met. Mat.,28(1), 99–105 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Yu. I. Romatovskii, B. I. Voronenko, G. V. Chumalo, and R. K. Melekhov,Fiz. Khim. Met. Mat.,29(1), 53–58 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  40. O. P. Bondarenko and M. M. Kristal',A Handbook on Corrosion Resistance of Austenitic-Ferritic Steels [in Russian], NIIKhIMMASh, Moscow (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  41. R. Gundersen, B. Johansen, P. O. Gartland, et al.,Corrosion,47(10), 800–807 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. E. B. Shone and Z. I. Ahmad, in:Progr. Understand. Prev. Corros.: 10th Eur. Congress, London (1993), pp. 993–996.

  43. É. G. Fel'dgandler and G. V. Kazakova,Fiz. Khim. Met. Mat.,20(3), 112–114 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  44. W. L. Clarke and G. M. Gordon,Corrosion,29(1), 1 (1973).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. H. Eriksson and S. Bernhardsson,Corrosion,47(9), 719 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. T. Kudo, H. Tsuge, and T. Moroishi,Corrosion,45(10), 831–838 (1989).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. H. Werner, C. Voigt, G. Riedel, et al.,Korrosion,21(2), 71–87 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. L. Vehovar, J. Herlah, and F. Iakar,Rud. Met. Zb.,39(3–4), 485–496 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. B. I. Voronenko,Metalloved. Term. Obrab. Met., No. 9, 58–63 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  50. J. Fliethman, H. Schlerkmann, and K. W. Schwen,Werkst. Korros.,43(10), 467–747 (1992).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. V. N. Polyakov, V. V. Romanov, V. N. Rozov, et al.,Fiz. Khim. Met. Mat.,28(2), 107–108 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  52. B. I. Voronenko,Zashch. Met.,30(4), 369–373 (1994);31(1), 1–9 (1995).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. N. I. Panova, L. I. Shokova, V. B. Vdovin, et al., in:Oil Field Pipes [in Russian], Samara (1992), pp. 58–68.

  54. W. Zheng and D. Hardie,Corrosion,47(10), 792–799 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. A. Turnbull and R. D. Hutchings, in:Proc. EUROCORR'91, Budapest, 1991, Vol. 1, pp. 386–391.

  56. P. Merino, X. R. Novoa, G. Pena, et al.,Mater. Sci. Technol.,9(2), 168–171 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Durcomet 100 (Improved Duplex Stainless Steel CD-4MCu),Alloy Dig., Febr., 1993, pp. 1–2.

  58. Welding Handbook. Filler Materials for Manual and Automatic Welding, 5th edition, ESAB AB, Göeteborg, Sweden.

  59. L. Karlsson, L. Bengtsson, U. Rolander, and S. Pak, in:Proc. Conf. Stainless Steels '92, Vol. 1, Stockholm (1992), p. 335.

  60. U. Reichau, H. D. Petka, and K.-G. Schuetze,Werkst. Korros.,43(11), 520–526 (1992).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Sandvik Expand Product Range,Br. Corr. J.,27(1), 14 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  62. B. Leffler,Technol. Mare-Autom. Nav.,23(9), 22–23 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  63. Yu. I. Romatovskii, B. I. Voronenko, M. N. Parusov, and L. N. Pichugina, in:Experience in Use of Advanced Low-waste Processes for Blank Preparation in Mechanical Engineering [in Russian], A. N. Krylov Scientific Society, Metallurgical Section, Nizhny Novgorod (1990), pp. 23–25.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Prometei Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering Materials, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

    B. I. Voronenko

Authors
  1. B. I. Voronenko
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 10, pp. 20–29, October, 1997.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Voronenko, B.I. Austenitic-ferritic stainless steels: A state-of-the-art review. Met Sci Heat Treat 39, 428–437 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02484228

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02484228

Keywords

Search

Navigation