Abstract
The standard free energies of formation of the oxides, sulfides and oxysulfides of cerium and lanthanum under steelmaking conditions have been calculated and used to predict the behavior of rare earths in steelmaking. Deoxidation and desulfurization constants, expressed in terms of Henrian activities, have been used to construct a precipitation diagram which indicates the sequence of rare earth inclusion formation. An enrichment of lanthanum in (RE)-oxysulfide and cerium in (RE)-sulfide is predicted. It is also predicted that rare earths should be able to reduce the soluble oxygen and sulfur contents of liquid steel well below the contents presently found in most industrial and laboratory practices. A simple method of calculating steelmaking additions for complete rare earth control of inclusion composition is presented.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
D. C. Hilty and J. W. Farrell: private communication, Union Carbide Ferro-alloy Division, Niagara Falls, New York.
E. D. Eastman, L. Brewer, L. A. Bromley, P. W. Gilles, and N. L. Lofgren:J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 1951, vol. 73, pp. 3896–98.
P. Besancon, D. Carre, M. Guittard, and M. J. Flahout:C. R. Acad. Sci., Ser. C, 1970, vol. 271, pp. 679–82.
K. A. Gschneidner, N. Kippenhan, and O. D. McMasters: Report No. IS- RIC-6, Rare Earth Information Center, Ames, Iowa.
K. A. Gschneidner and N. Kippenhan: Report No. IS-RIC-5, Rare Earth In- formation Center, Ames, Iowa.
W. G. Wilson, D. A. R. Kay, and A. Vahed:J. Metals, 1974, vol. 26, pp. 14–23.
Yu. V. Kryakovskii, I. Nikolaev, and V. I. Yavoiskii:Sb. Mosk. Inst. Stali Splavov, 1968, No. 48, pp. 135–42;Chem.Abstr., 1969, vol. 70, 220546.
A. Vahed and D. A. R. Kay:Met. Trans. B, 1975, vol. 6B, pp. 285–87.
R. J. Learyet al.: U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines, RI 7091, p. 28, March 1968.
H. A. Tucker, R. T. Coulehan, and W. G- Wilson: U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines, RI 7153, June 1968.
F. C. Langenberg and J. Chipman:Trans. TMS-AIME, 1958, vol. 212, pp. 290–93.
R. J. Freuhan:Met. Trans., 1974, vol. 5, pp. 345–47.
G. Kinne, A. F. Vishkarev, and V. I. Yavoiskii:Izvest. VUZ-Chem. Met., 1963, no. 5, pp. 65-69. (Brutcher Translation HB No. 5984).
L. Luyckx, J. R. Bell, A. McLean, and M. Korchynsky:Met. Trans., 1970, vol. 1, pp. 3341–50.
The Rare Earths, F. H. Spedding and A. H. Daane, eds., p. 641, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1961.
Constitution of Alloys Bibliography, W. Haughton, ed., Institute for Metals, London, 1966.
M. N. Dastur and J. Chipman:Trans. AIME, 1949, vol. 185, pp. 441–49.
C. W. Sherman, H. I. Elvander, and J. Chipman:Trans. AIME, 1950, vol. 188, pp. 334–40.
K. K. Kelley and E. G. King:Bur. Mines Bull., 1961, p. 592.
K. Suzuki, N. Hanada, A. Ejima, and K. Sanbongi:Tetsu To Hagane, 1974, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 51.
W. G. Wilson:Weld. J. Res. Suppl., January 1971, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 42–S to 45–S.
J. B. Ballance and R. E. Mintus:Control of Transverse Properties in High- Strength Low-Alloys Steels, presented at the 14th AIME Mechanical Working and Steel Processing Conference, Chicago, Illinois, January 19, 1972.
R. J. Ackert and P. A. Crozier:Improving the Notch Toughness of Commer- cial High Strength Steels, presented at the C.I.M. 12th Annual Conference of Metallurgists, Quebec City, 1973.
Met. Trans., 1972, vol. 3, p. 358.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Formerly a Research Engineer at McMaster University
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Vahed, A., Kay, D.A.R. Thermodynamics of rare earths in steelmaking. Metall Trans B 7, 375–383 (1976). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02652708
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02652708