Abstract
Niobium cylinders were immersed into liquid steel and their mass-transfer rates measured under dynamic conditions. The cylinders were suspended from a load cell, and the apparent weight of the cylinder as well as temperatures at various locations in the immersed specimens were measured continuously during immersion and recorded with a data acquisition system. From the weight measurements, the mass-transfer rate was deduced. A steel shell period and free dissolution period were identified. During the steel shell period, a shell of frozen steel wraps the cylinder following its initial immersion. When niobium cylinders were immersed into liquid steel with low superheat, a reaction was detected at the steel shell/niobium interface. This reaction took place during the later stages of the steel shell period. The intermetallic compounds Fe2Nb and Fe2Nb3 were identified as reaction products. The mass transfer which takes place during the free dissolution period was found to be exothermic, and the rate-controlling step was found to be liquid phase diffusion through a mass-boundary layer. The apparent activation energy was estimated to be 172 (±15) kJ/mol. This uncommonly high value of apparent activation energy is best explained on the basis of the macroexothermic reaction which takes place as niobium dissolves into liquid steel.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
P.D. Deeley, K.J.A. Kundig, and H.R. Spendelow:Ferroalloys and Alloying Additives Handbook, 1981, pp. 37–41.
T. Gladman, D. Dulieu, and I.D. McIvor:Microalloying 75, 1977, pp. 32-54.
K.J. Irvine, T. Gladman, J. Orr, and F.B. Pickering:J. Iron Steel Inst., 1970, vol. 208, pp. 717–26.
A.T. Davenport, R.E. Miner, and R.A. Kot:The Hot Deformation of Austenite, 1977, pp. 186–203.
J. Silver:Alloys and Metals for the Production of HSLA Steels,Ferroalloys and Other Additives to Liquid Iron and Steel, J.R. Lampman and A.T. Peters, eds., ASTM STP 739, 1981, pp. 170–79.
S.A. Argyropoulos:Trans. ISS, Iron Steelmaker, 1990, May, pp. 77–86.
V.D. Shantarin and P.M. Shurygin:Liteinoe Proizv., 1964, no. 7, pp. 19–21;Russ. Cast. Prod., 1964, no. 7, pp. 309–11.
S.A. Argyropoulos:Iron Steelmaker, 1984, Nov., pp. 48-57.
L. Gourtsoyannis, R.I.L. Guthrie, and G.A. Ratz:Electric Furnace Conf. Proc., ISS-AIME, 1984, vol. 42, pp. 119–32.
P.G. Sismanis and S.A. Argyropoulos:Trans. ISS, Iron Steelmaker, 1989, July pp. 39-47.
V.I. Zhuchkov, N.A. Vatolin, A.L. Zav’yalov, and A.S. Noskov:Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Met., 1986, no. 1, pp. 72–75; translationin Russ. Metall., 1986, no. 1, pp. 74–77.
S.A. Argyropoulos and R.I.L. Guthrie:Steelmaking Proc., ISS-AIME, 1982, vol. 65, pp. 156–67.
O. Kubaschewski:Iron-Binary Phase Diagrams, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1982, pp. 70–73.
S.A. Argyropoulos and R.I.L. Guthrie:Metall. Trans. B, 1984, vol. 15B, pp. 47–58.
S.A. Argyropoulos and R.I.L. Guthrie:Can. Metall. Q., 1979, vol. 18, pp. 267–81.
S.A. Argyropoulos, R.S. Valiveti, and B.M. Closset:J. Met., 1983, vol. 35 (10), pp. 30–35.
S.A. Argyropoulos:Electric Furnace Conf. Proc., ISS-AIME, 1984, vol. 42, pp. 133–48.
P.G. Sismanis: Ph.D. Thesis, McGill University, Montreal, 1987.
P.G. Sismanis and S.A. Argyropoulos:Can. Metall. Q., 1988, vol. 27 (2), pp. 123–33.
F.A. Mucciardi: McGill University, Montreal, private communication, 1990.
Y. Iguchi, S. Nobori, K. Saito, and T. Fuwa:Tetsu-to-Hagané, 1982, vol. 68 (6), pp. 89–96.
C.W. Bale, A.D. Pelton, and W.T Thompson: F*A*C*T System, THERMAFACT LTD/LTEE, Montreal, 1982.
E. Ravoo, J.W. Rote, and F.W. Sevenstern:Chem. Eng. Sci., 1970, vol. 25, pp. 1637–52.
S.A. Argyropoulos: Ph.D. Thesis, McGill University, Montreal, 1981.
L.I. Krupman and V.I. Yavoiskii:Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Chern. Metall., 1964, vol. 7 (9), pp. 35–42.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Formerly Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science, University of Toronto
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Argyropoulos, S.A., Sismanis, P.G. The mass transfer kinetics of niobium solution into liquid steel. Metall Trans B 22, 417–427 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02654280
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02654280