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Fluid flow and bath temperature destratification in gas-stirred ladles

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Abstract

The transient fluid flow and temperature distributions in argon-stirred ladles have been investigated. The governing equations of unsteady fluid flow and energy were solved numeri-cally with a control-volume technique, while the turbulence was modeled by the two-equationk- ∃ model. The two-phase zone was described by novel experimental equations, which char-acterize the gas-fraction distribution in the bath for a wide range of variables in both aqueous and liquid metal systems. Fully transient computational results are presented and compared against transient temperature computations based on a steady-state velocity field. The resulting mixing times compare closely with industrial experience.

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Abbreviations

C1,C 2 :

constants in the turbulence model

C d C pg ,C pl :

gas specific heat capacity; liquid specific heat capacity, J/kg ‡C

d o :

diameter of nozzle, m Fr Froude number =

Q o 2 /gd o 5 g :

acceleration due to gravity, m/s2

G :

generation of turbulent energy, kg/m s3

h b :

depth of liquid, m

k :

turbulence kinetic energy, m2/s2

k :

thermal conductivity of liquid, W/(m ‡C)

N :

parameter defined as

[(gdo 5/Qo 2)0.26(pl/pgo)0.13(z/do)0.94]:

(Eqs. [11] and [12])

p :

pressure, kg/m s2

q s ,q wb :

heat flux through bath surface; heat flux through ladle refractory wall, W/m2 go volumetric gas flow rate at orifice conditions, m3/s

r :

rα max/2 radial position; half-value radius, m

R :

radius of vessel, m

R Ø :

residuals in the discretized Ø equation

t :

time, s

T :

temperature, ‡C

T :

refreference temperature appearing in the buoyancy term

u :

mean axial velocity component, m/s

v mean radial velocity component, m/s:

z axial position, m

α,αmax local time-averaged gas volume fraction; gas volume fraction at plume centerline:

Βl, coefficient of thermal expansion of

liquid, ‡C-1 dissipation rate of turbulence kinetic energy, m2/s3 :

Μ, Μeff

molecular, effective, and turbulent viscosity:

Μ l

kg/m s:

P go ,P l

gas density at orifice conditions; liquid p density; density of two-phase mixture, kg/m3 :

ΣT, ΣT,t

laminar and turbulent Prandtl numbers and:

Σ k ,Σ te

Schmidt numbers for:

k and ∃

reff effective exchange coefficient (diffusivity), kg/m s:

v t

turbulent kinematic viscosity:

m2/s

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centro de Investigaciony de Estudios Avanzados del IPA, Carr. Saltillo—Monterrey Km, 25000, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico

    A. H. Castillejos

  2. The University of British Columbia, BC V6T 1W5, Vancouver, Canada

    M. E. Salcudean (Professor and Head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering) & J. K. Brimacombe (Stelco/NSERC Professor and Director of the Centre for Metallurgical Process Engineering)

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  1. A. H. Castillejos
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  2. M. E. Salcudean
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  3. J. K. Brimacombe
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A.H. Castillejos E., formerly Postdoctoral Fellow, The University of British Columbia,.

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Castillejos, A.H., Salcudean, M.E. & Brimacombe, J.K. Fluid flow and bath temperature destratification in gas-stirred ladles. Metall Trans B 20, 603–611 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02655917

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