Summary
One of the significant movements in the history of audio-visual communication was the development of audio-visual departments in city school systems. This line of development took four forms. Educational school museums were founded, slide libraries were organized, film libraries were established, and nondepartmentalized audio-visual education developed.
In most instances, audio-visual budgets, materials, and personnel were limited. Most materials consisted of slides and stereographs rather than films. The two most commonly used distribution methods were the “circuit” and “special-order” methods. Film evaluation and utilization were still hardly touched; however, the Berkeley Visual Education Department published a graded list of films and slides as early as 1923. Generally, the growth of visual education considerably increased the complexity of educational administration and created some confusion as to the precise status of audio-visual directors or coordinators.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF MUSEUMS.Proceedings II. 1908.
CURRICULUM COMMITTEE ON VISUAL EDUCATION.Visual Instruction (Course of Study Monographs, No. 7). Berkeley, California: Berkeley Public Schools, 1923.
FREDERICK, J. M. H.Annual Report of J. M. H., Frederick, Superintendent for the School Year 1914–15, to the Board of Education, Cleveland, Ohio. Cleveland: Cleveland, Ohio Board of Education, January 24, 1916.
HARRIS, WILLIAM T.,Twenty-First Annual Report of Board of Directors of St. Louis Public Schools, 1875.
HAYES, DUDLEY GRANT, and McANDREW WILLIAM.Visual Instruction: The Inception, Development and Present Status of Visual Instruction in the Chicago Public Schools. Chicago: Chicago Board of Education, 1924.
MCcLUSKY, F. D.The Administration of Visual Education, a National Survey. Unpublished report made to the national Education Association, 1923.
McCLUSKY, F. D.Visual Instruction: Its Values and Needs. New York: Mancall Publishing Company, 1932.
MENGEL, LEVI W.A Brief Sketch of the Reading Public Museum and Art Gallery. Reading, Pennsylvania: Department of Visual Education of the Reading School District, n.d.
Minutes of the St. Louis Board of Education. September 13, 1904.
Minutes of the St. Louis Board of Education. November 8, 1904.
Minutes of the St. Louis Board of Education. December 13, 1904.
RATHMANN, CARL G.Educational Museum of St. Louis Public Schools. United States Bureau of Education, Bulletin 48. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1915.
SAETTLER, P.The Origin and Development of Audio-Visual Communication in Education in the United States. Los Angeles, California: University of Southern California, 1953. (Typewritten)
Sixty-Fourth Annual Report of the Board of Education. City of Chicago, June 30, 1919.
TOOTHACKER, CHARLES R.The Educational Work of the Commercial Museum of Philadelphia. United States Bureau of Education Bulletin, 1920. No. 13.
Additional information
This is the second in a series of papers designed to provide an historical account of audio-visual communication. The first article, “Historical Overview of Audio-Visual Communication,” appeared in the Spring 1954 issue. Paul Saettler is assistant professor of education, Sacramento State College, California. The study from which this paper is drawn was completed for the PhD degree at the University of Southern California.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Saettler, P. History of A-V education in city school systems. ETR&D 3, 109–118 (1955). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02713359
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02713359