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The development of CD4+ T effector cells during the type 2 immune response

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Abstract

Multiple pathways may be involved in the development of interleukin 4 (IL-4) producing T helper (Th) cells and the associated type 2 immune response. Increasing evidence suggests that the strength of signals delivered to the T cell may favor the development of the type 2 response. In contrast, antigen-presenting cell-(APC) derived stimuli produced following pattern recognition receptor binding during the innate response promotes the development of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) producing cells and the associated type 1 immune response. In many cases, the balance between increased signaling strength and the innate response may determine whether the type 2 response develops. T cell receptor (TCR), CD4, and costimulatory molecule interactions may all contribute to signal strength, but the type 2 immune response may be particularly dependent on the availability of coreceptor and costimulatory molecule interactions. B7 ligand interactions are required for the development of the type 2 immune response and interaction of CD28 with either B7-1 or B7-2 can provide sufficient signals for its initiation. In B7-2-deficient mice, the initial type 2 immune response is intact, but the response is not sustained, suggesting that B7-2 is important at later stages of the type 2 immune response. The roles of CD28 and CTLA-4 during the type 2 response remain unclear. The type 2 response to infectious pathogens is pronounced in CD28-/-mice, suggesting that other costimulatory molecule interactions can substitute for CD28 for the development of IL-4 producing T cells and the associated type 2 immune response.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 20814, Bethesda, MD

    William C. Gause, Melinda Ekkens, Diep Nguyen, Velia Mitro, Qian Liu & Rebecca J. Greenwald

  2. Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cinncinnati, OH

    Frederick D. Finkelman

  3. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Immunology Disease Resistance Laboratory, Livestock and Poultry Sciences Institute, Beltsville, MD

    Joseph F. Urban

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  1. William C. Gause
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  2. Melinda Ekkens
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  3. Diep Nguyen
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  4. Velia Mitro
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  5. Qian Liu
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  6. Frederick D. Finkelman
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Correspondence to William C. Gause.

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Gause, W.C., Ekkens, M., Nguyen, D. et al. The development of CD4+ T effector cells during the type 2 immune response. Immunol Res 20, 55–65 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02786507

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