Abstract
Lead, 17.1, 11.2, and 5 volume fraction copper (14, 9, and 4 wt pct Cu) alloys have been directionally solidified at constant growth velocities ranging from 1 to 100 μm s−1. Serially increasing the growth velocity within this range results in a graded microstructural transition from fully columnar, albeit segregated, copper dendrites in a lead matrix to one consisting only of equiaxed grains. The imposed velocity necessary to effect fully equiaxed growth is found to drop rapidly as the volume fraction of copper is decreased. Factors which complicate the controlled, directional solidification of these alloys are discussed and the experimental results are interpreted in view of, and seen to be in qualitative agreement with, Hunt’s theory on the transition from columnar to equiaxed growth of dendrites.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
L.M. Hogan, R.W. Kraft, and F.D. Lemkey:Advances in Materials Research, H. Herman, ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York, NY, 1971, vol. 5, pp. 83–216.
M. McLean:Directionally Solidified Materials for High Temperature Service, The Metals Society, London, 1983.
B.J. Piearcey and B.E. Terkelson:Trans. AIME, 1967, vol. 239, pp. 1143–50.
B.H. Kear and B.J. Piearcey:Trans. AIME, 1967, 239, pp. 1209–15.
R.T. Quinn, R.W. Kraft, and R.W. Hertzberg:Trans. ASM, 1969, vol. 62, pp. 38–44.
F.D. Lemkey and E.R. Thompson:Metall. Trans., 1971, vol. 2, pp. 1537–44.
L. Northcott:J. Inst. Met., 1938, vol. 62, pp. 101–36.
L. Northcott:J. Inst. Met., 1939, vol. 65, pp. 173–204.
L. Northcott and D.E. Thomas:J. Inst. Met., 1939, vol. 65, pp. 205–16.
F.L. VerSnyder and R.W. Guard:Trans. ASM, 1960, vol. 52, pp. 485–93.
B.J. Piearcey and F.L. VerSnyder: Report No. 66-007, Pratt and Whitney Aircraft Company, Hartford, CT, 1966.
H.E. Cline, R.M. Rose, nd J. Wulff:J. Appl. Phys., 1963, vol. 34 (10), pp. 1771–74.
S.A. Levy, Y.B. Kim, and R.W. Kraft:J. Appl. Phys., 1966, vol. 37 (10), pp. 3659–65.
F.S. Galasso:J. Met., 1967, June, pp. 17–21.
F.S. Galasso, F.C. Douglas, W. Darby, and J.A. Batt:J. Appl. Phys., 1967, vol. 38 (8), pp. 3241–44.
H. Weiss:Metall. Trans., 1971, vol. 2, pp. 1513–21.
F.W. Crossman and A.S. Yue:Metall. Trans., 1971, vol. 2, pp. 1545–55.
N.J. Helbren and S.E.R. Hiscocks:J. Mater. Sci.,1973, vol. 8, pp. 1744–50.
M.R. Notis, D. Shah, C.D. Graham, Jr., and S.R. Trout: J. Appl. Phys., 1978, vol. 49 (3), pp. 2043–45.
B.M. Ditchek:J. Appl. Phys., 1985, vol. 57 (6), pp. 1961–67.
B.M. Ditchek:J. Cryst. Growth, 1986, vol. 75, pp. 246–68.
Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, T.B. Massalski, ed., American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1986, vol. 1, p. 946.
J.D. Livingston and H.E. Cline:Trans. AIME, 1969, vol. 245, pp. 351–57.
A. Bergman, T. Carlberg, H. Fredriksson, and J. Stjerndahl:Materials Processing in the Reduced Gravity Environment of Space, G. Rindone, ed., Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc., 1982, pp. 579–92.
S. Shah, R.N. Grugel, and B.D. Lichter:Metall. Trans. A, 1988, vol. 19A, pp. 2677–80.
B.K. Dhindaw, D.M. Stefanescu, A.K. Singh, and P.A. Curreri:Metall. Trans. A, 1988, vol. 19A, pp. 2839–46.
J.D. Hunt:Solifification and Casting of Metals, The Metals Society, London, 1979, Book 192, pp. 3–9.
W. Kurz and D.J. Fisher:Acta Metall. 1981, vol. 29, pp. 11–20.
R. Trivedi:Metall. Trans. A, 1984, vol. 15A, pp. 977–82.
C.M. Klaren, J.D. Verhoeven, and R. Trivedi:Metall Trans. A, 1980, vol. 11A, pp. 1853–61.
J.T. Mason, J.D. Verhoeven, and R. Trivedi:J. Cryst. Growth, 1982, vol. 59, pp. 516–24.
R. Trivedi and K. Somboonsuk:Mater. Sci. Eng., 1984, vol. 65, pp. 65–74.
J.D. Verhoeven and E.D. Gibson:Metall. Trans., 1973, vol. 4, pp. 2581–90.
Y. Miyata, T. Suzuki, and J.-I. Uno:Metall. Trans. A, 1985, vol. 16A, pp. 1799–1805.
J.D. Verhoeven, J.T. Mason, and R. Trivedi:Metall. Trans. A, 1986, vol. 17A, pp. 991–1000.
J.D. Hunt:Mater. Sci. Eng., 1984, vol. 65, pp. 75–83.
M.H. Burden and J.D. Hunt:J. Cryst. Growth, 1974, vol. 22, pp. 109–16.
M. Tassa and J.D. Hunt:J. Cryst. Growth, 1976, vol. 34, pp. 38–48.
R.N. Grugel and W. Kurz:Metall. Trans. A, 1987, vol. 18A, pp. 1137–42.
W. Kurz and R.N. Grugel:Materials Science Forum, Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland, 1991, vol. 77, pp. 185–204.
B. Derby and J.J. Favier:Acta Metall., 1983, vol. 31 (7), pp. 1123–30.
J. Jang and A. Hellawell:Ironmaking and Steelmaking, 1991, vol. 18 (4), pp. 275–83.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kim, S., Grugel, R.N. The transition from columnar to equiaxed dendritic growth in proeutectic, low-volume fraction copper, Pb−Cu alloys. Metall Trans A 23, 1807–1815 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02804373
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02804373