Abstract
An empirical mathematical equation is proposed for the magnetic contribution to the specific heat of pure metals. The corresponding functions for enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs energy are of simple form. Two parameters used for each element are the critical temperature,T c, and the total magnetic entropy. The parameters have been determined from a careful separation of magnetic and nonmagnetic contributions to the specific heat. Debye temperatures for Ni, Co, and Fe have been determined considering data to much higher temperatures than other studies. The magnetic specific heats extracted from experimental data agree very well with the proposed equation over the entire temperature range and for all three elements. Comparisons with different mathematical functions found in the literature give agreement only for the case of iron. The total magnetic entropy given by a classical relation is found to be high, and a quantitative correction is given. Various magnetic standard states are discussed. The lattice stabilities of bcc- and fcc-iron are calculated assuming that the difference of the nonmagnetic specific heats is linear from 500 K to 1810 K. A simple equation is obtained in which the anomalous temperature dependence is explained by the independently determined magnetic contribution. The calculated values agree very well with Orr and Chipman’s assessment. The stability of bcc iron at low temperatures is quantitatively rationalized.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
C. Zener:Trans. AIME, 1955, vol. 203, pp. 619–30.
J. L. Meijering:Philips Res. Repts., 1963, vol. 18, pp. 318–30.
M. Hillert, T. Wada, and H. Wada:J. Iron Steel Inst., 1967, vol. 205, pp. 539–46.
L. Kaufman and H. Bernstein:Computer Calculation of Phase Diagrams, Academic Press, New York, NY, 1970.
G. Inden: Project Meeting CALPHAD V, 21–25 June 1976, Max- Planck-Inst. Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, W. Germany, 1976, pp. III.4/1-IH.4/13.
A. P. Miodownik:CALPHAD, 1977, vol. 1, pp. 133–58.
M. Hillert and M. Jarl:CALPHAD, 1978, vol. 2, pp. 227–38.
T. Nishizawa, M. Hasebe, and M. Ko:Acta Metall., 1979, vol. 27, pp. 817–28.
G. Inden:Physica, 1981, vol. 103B, pp. 82–100.
G. Inden:Bull. Alloy Phase Diagr., 1982, vol. 2, pp. 412–22.
A. P. Miodownik:Bull. Alloy Phase Diagr., 1982, vol. 2,pp. 406–12.
S. Hertzman and B. Sundman:CALPHAD, 1982, vol. 6, pp. 67–80.
R. J. Weiss and K. J. Tauer:Phys. Rev., 1956, vol. 102, pp. 1490–95.
J.A. Hofmann, A. Paskin, K.J. Tauer, and R.J. Weiss:J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 1956, vol. 1, pp. 45–60.
C. Kittel:Introduction to Solid State Physics, 5th ed., John Wiley, New York, NY, 1976, pp. 16, 136, 466, and 470.
Y.A. Chang and R. Hultgren:J. Phys. Chem., 1965, vol. 69, pp. 4162–65.
K. A. Gschneider , Jr.: J. Solid State Physics, 1964, pp. 275–426 , esp. p. 363.
L. Kaufman, E. V. Clougherty, and R. J. Weiss:Acta Metall., 1963, vol. 11, pp. 323–35.
R. Hultgren, P. D. Desai, D. T. Hawkins, M. Gleiser, K. K. Kelley, and D.D. Wagman:Selected Values of the Thermodynamic Properties of the Elements, ASM, Metals Park, OH, 1973, pp. 126–33, 180–91, and 350–57.
R. S. Tebble and D. J. Craik:Magnetic Materials, Wiley-Interscience, London, 1969, pp. 1–80, esp. pp. 50-51.
E. S.R. Gopal:Specific Heat at Low Temperatures, Plenum Press, New York, NY, 1966, pp. 84–111.
J. H. Van Vleck: inMagnetic Properties of Metals and Alloys, ASM, Metals Park, OH, 1959, pp. 1–17.
D. J. Wallace: inPhase Transitions and Critical Phenomena, C. Domb and M.S. Green, eds., Academic Press, New York, NY, 1976, vol. 6, pp. 293–356.
U. Gahn:J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 1982, vol. 43, pp. 977–89.
K.P. Belov:Magnetic Transitions, Consultants Bureau, New York, NY, 1961, pp. 1–15.
W. Bendick and W. Pepperhoff:Acta Metall., 1982, vol. 30, pp. 679–84.
M. Braun and R. Kohlhaas:Phys. Status Solidi, 1965, vol. 12, pp. 429–44.
B. Bergman and J. ågren: Technical Report TRITA-MAC-0232, Materials Center, Royal Inst. Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, March 1984.
Y.-Y. Chuang, R. Schmid, and Y. A. Chang:Metall. Trans. A, 1984, vol. 15A, pp. 1921–30.
R.L. Orr and J. Chipman:Trans. TMS-A1ME, 1967, vol. 239, pp. 630–33.
J. ågren:Metall. Trans. A, 1979, vol. 10A, pp. 1847–52.
L. Kaufman and H. Nesor:Z. Metallkde., 1973, vol. 64, pp. 249–57.
L.S. Darken and R.P. Smith:Ind. Eng. Chem., 1951, vol. 43, pp. 1815–20.
E. Schürmann and V. Neubert:Arch. Eisenhüttenwes., 1979, vol. 50, pp. 415–22.
W. A. Dench and O. Kubaschewski:J. Iron Steel Inst., 1963, vol. 201, pp. 140–43.
P. D. Anderson and R. Hultgren:Trans. TMS-AIME, 1962, vol. 224, pp. 842–45.
D.C. Wallace, P.H. Sidles, and G.C. Danielson:J. Appl. Phys., 1960, vol. 31, pp. 168–76.
M. Olette and A. Ferrier: “The Physical Chemistry of Metallic Solu- tions and Intermetallic Compounds,” N.P.L., Sympos. No. 9, paper 4H, H.M. Stationary Off., London, 1959.
J.P. Morris, E.F. Foerster, C.W. Schultz, and G.R. Zellars: U.S. Bur. Mines, Rept. Invest. No. 6723, 1966.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chuang, YY., Schmid, R. & Chang, Y.A. Magnetic contributions to the thermodynamic functions of pure Ni, Co, and Fe. Metall Trans A 16, 153–165 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02816041
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02816041