Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Some observations on the cultivation of opium poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) for its latex

  • Published:
The Botanical Review Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Literature Cited

  • Addens, TJ. J. 1939. The Distribution of Opium Cultivation and the Trade in Opium. Haarlem: Joh. Enschedé en Zonen. 129 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aitchison, J. E. T. 1881. On the flora of the Kuram Valley, &. Afghanistan. J. Linn Soc. Bot.18: 1–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1891. Notes to assist in a further knowledge of the products of Western Afghanistan and North-Eastern Persia. Trans. Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh18: 1–228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akçasu, A. 1952. The changes experienced by the narcotics monopoly in Turkey. United Nations Dept. Social Affairs, Bull. Narcotics4(no.1): 6–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Annett, H. E. 1921. Investigations on Indian Opium, No. 2. The effect of environmental factors on the alkaloidal content and yield of latex from the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) and the bearing of the work on the functions of alkaloids in plant life. Memoirs Dept. Agric. India (Chem. Ser.)6: 61–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1922. Investigations on Indian Opium, No. 3. Studies on the meconic acid content of Indian opium. Memoirs Dept. Agric. India (Chem. Ser.)6: 215–221.

    Google Scholar 

  • — & Bose, M. N. 1925a. Investigations on Indian Opium No. 5. Experiments on oil content of the seed of the opium poppy. Memoirs Dept. Agric. India (Chem. Ser.)8: 39–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • — & Bose, M. N. 1925b. Investigations on Indian Opium, No. 6. Studies on the ash constituents of Indian opium. Memoirs Dept. Agric. India (Chem. Ser.)8: 45–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • — & Singh, H. D. 1918. The effect of heating opium on its morphine content. Soc. Chem. Ind. J. (London)37: 315T-317T.

    Google Scholar 

  • — & Singh, H. D. 1925. Investigations on Indian Opium, No. 4. Further experiments on the influence of manures on the yield and morphine content of the latex from the opium poppy. Memoirs Dept. Agric. India (Chem. Ser.)8: 27–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, Sen, H. D. & Singh, H. D. 1921. Investigations on Indian Opium, No. 1. Non-environmental factors influencing the alkaloidal content and yield of latex from the opium poppy. Memoirs Dept. Agric. India (Chem. Ser.)6: 1–60.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous. 1817. Description of the culture of the white poppy and preparation of opium, as practised in the province of Bahar. Asiatic J. (London)3: 26–27.

  • -. 1915. Indian opium. Bull. Imperial Inst. (London)13: 507–546.

  • -. 1949. Opium production throughout the world. United Nations Dept. Social Affairs, Bull. Narcotics1(No. 1): 6–13, 26–38.

  • -. 1950a. The suppression of poppy cultivation in the United States. United Nations Dept. Social Affairs, Bull. Narcotics2(No. 3): 9–21.

  • -. 1950b. The cultivation of the opium poppy in Turkey. United Nations Dept. Social Affairs, Bull. Narcotics2(No. 1): 13–25.

  • -. 1953. The opium poppy. United Nations Dept. Social Affairs, Bull. Narcotics5 (No. 3): 9–12.

  • -. 1954. Opium poppy [underTechnical crops]. Central Asian Rev.2: 298.

  • -. 1969. Opium cultivation to be resumed. Economist Intelligence Unit, Quart. Economic Rev., Iran No. 1, p. 10.

  • -. 1971. Turkey bans opium poppy production. Foreign Agric.9(No. 29): 12.

  • -. 1972. Drugs and fine chemicals. Chemical Marketing Reporter, March 20, p. 15.

  • Anthony, K. R. M. & Moormann, F. R. 1965. Agricultural problems and potentialities of a hill tribe area in Thailand. Trop. Agric. (Trinidad)42: 97–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asahina, H., Kawatani, T., Ono, M. & Fujita, S. 1957. Studies of poppies and opium. United Nations Dept. Social Affairs, Bull. Narcotics9(no. 2): 20–33.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asian Peoples’ Anti-Communist League. 1957. The Illicit Narcotic Trade of the Chinese Communists. Republic of China: Asian Peoples’ Anti-Communist League. 28 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asthana, S. N. 1954. The cultivation of opium poppy in India. United Nations Dept. Economical Social Affairs, Bull. Narcotics6(no. 3-4) 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baillon, H. E. 1884. Traité de Botanique Médicale. Tome II. Paris Librairie Hachette et Cie.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balfour, E. 1885. The Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, Commercial, Industrial and Scientific; in three volumes, 3rd ed. Vol. III O-Zymoosht. London: Bernard Quaritch.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bash, K. W. 1972. Patterns of drug abuse in Iran, pp. 118–122. InDrug Abuse, Nonmedical Use of Dependence-Producing Drugs, ed. by Simon Btesh. New York and London: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basilevskaya, N. A. 1928. On the races of the opium poppy growing in Semiretchie and the origin of their culture. Trudo po prikeladnoi botanike genetike i selektsii 19(no. 2): 95–184. (Bull. Appl. Botany, Genetics, Plant Breeding, Lenin Academy of Sciences, USSR).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bayer, I. 1961. Manufacture of alkaloids from the poppy plant in Hungary. United Nations Dept. Social Affairs, Bull. Narcotics13(No. 1): 21–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baytop, T. 1963. Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Turkey (in Turkish). Istanbul: Ismail Akgün Matbaasi. 499 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, J. 1851-1852. Cultivation and manufacture of Patna opium. Pharm. J.11: 205–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bensussan, I. J. 1946. L’Opium. Considérations Générales, Histoire, Géographie, Chemie — Fabrication et Usage de l’Opium. Paris: Vigot Frères. 392 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bentley, K. W. 1971. The morphine alkaloids, pp. 3–163. In The Alkaloids,Chemistry and Physiology, ed. by R. H. F. Manske, Vol. XIII. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, F. T. 1953. Plant Diseases, 2nd ed. London: Oxford University Press. 457 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burkill, I. H. 1966. A Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula. In two volumes. Kuala Lampur, Malaysia: Published on behalf of the Governments of Malaysia and Singapore by the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavara, F. & Chistoni, A. 1924. Recent experiments with the opium poppy and methods of extraction in Italy. Abstracted from Atti del R. Istituto d’Incorraggiamento di Napoli, Series VI, Vol. 76, Pt. I, p. 14, Naples. Intern. Rev. Agric. New Ser.2: 906–907.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chopra, R. N. & Chopra, I. C. 1955. Quasi-medical use of opium in India and its effects. United Nations Dept. Economic Social Affairs, Bull. Narcotics7(nos. 3-4): 1–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1965. Drug Addiction with Special Reference to India. New Delhi: C.S.I.R. 264 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, Badhwar, R. L. & Ghosh, S. 1965. Poisonous Plants of India, 2nd revd. ed., Vol. I. New Delhi: Indian Council of Agricultural Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, Chopra, I. C., Handa, K. L. & Kapur, L. D. 1958. Chopra’s Indigenous Drugs of India, 2nd ed. Calcutta: U. N. Dhur & Sons. 816 P.

    Google Scholar 

  • Commission on Narcotic Drugs. 1971a. The resumption of opium production in Iran.In: Report of the Twenty-Fourth Session, 27 September–21 October, 1971, Economic and Social Council, Official Records, Fifty-Second Session, Suppl. No.2 E/5082 E/CN.7/544. New York: United Nations.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1971b. Consultations in Islamabad.In: Report of the Twenty-Fourth Session, 27 September–21 October, 1971, Economic and Social Council, Official Records, Fifty-Second Session, Suppl. No.2 E/5082 E/CN.7/544. New York: United Nations.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1971c. Consultations in Kabul.In: Report of the Twenty-Fourth Session, 27 September–21 October, 1971, Economic and Social Council, Official Records, Fifty-Second Session, Suppl. No.2 E/5082 E/CN.7/544. New York: United Nations.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cullen, J. 1966. Papaveraceae.In: Flora Iranica, Flora des Iranischen Hochlandes und der Umrahmenden Gebirge von Karl Heinz Rechinger. Lfg. Cont. No. 34/16.10.1966, pp. 1–27. Graz: Akademische Druck u. Verlagsanstalt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalev, D., Iliev, L. & Ilieva, R. 1960. Poppy cultivation in Bulgaria and the products of opium. United Nations Dept. Economic Social Affairs, Bull. Narcotics12(no. 1): 25–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Danert, S. 1958. Zur Systematik vonPapaver somniferum L. Kulturpflanze. Akademie der Wissenschaften Berlin, Institut für Kulturpflanzen Forschung6: 61–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dessaint, A. Y. 1972. The poppies are beautiful this year. Natural History81(no. 2): 30–37, 92–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Determan, W. 1941. Über Zusamenhänge zwischen Alkaloidgehalt der Milchröhren in den Kapseln vonPapaver somniferum L. Ein Beitrag zur Züchtung des Mohnes auf hohen Alkaloidgehalt. Z. Pflanzenzucht.23: 371–410.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dwarakanath, S. C. 1965. Use of opium and cannabis in the traditional systems of medicine in India. United Nations Dept. Economic and Social Affairs, Bull. Narcotics17(no. 1): 15–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dymock, W., Warden, C. J. H. & Hooper, D. 1890, 1891, 1893. Pharmacographica Indica — A History of the Principal Drugs of Vegetable Origin met with in British India. In three volumes. London: Kegan, Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. Ltd; Bombay: Education Society’s Press, Byculla; Calcutta: Thucker, Sprink & Co. Reprinted in Hamdard (Organ of the Institute of Health and Tibbi Research) 15 nos. 1–12: January–March, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eatwell, W. C. B. 1851–1852. Selections from the records of the Bengal Government, on the system of cultivating the poppy and of preparing opium in the Benares Opium Agency; with a brief sketch of the constitution of the department. Pharm. J.11: 269–271; 306–311, 359–364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eltutar, H. & Iğneciler, M. 1958. Researches on various kinds of fungi observed in Turkish opium, their action on the quality of opium and their removal with different sorts of fungicide. United Nations Dept. Social Affairs, Bull. Narcotics10(no. 4): 12–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1960. Research on various kinds of fungi observed on Turkish opium and their removal with different sorts of fungicide. United Nations Dept. Social Affairs, Bull. Narcotics12(no. 3): 25–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evçim, N. N. 1954. Opium, production and control. Amer. J. Pharm.126: 40–56.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Finckh, C. 1867. Uber die wichstigsten orientalischen Opiumsorten. Arch. Pharm.179: 59–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flachs, K. 1936. Krankheiten und Schädlinge an Ölpflanzen. Nachr. über Schädlingsbekämpfung11: 130–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fort, J. 1965. Giver of delight or liberation of sin: Drug use and “addiction” in Asia. United Nations Dept. Economic and Social Affairs, Bull. Narcotics17(no. 3)(no. 4): 1–11,13–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fliickiger, F. A. & Hanbury, D. 1879. Pharmacographica —A History of the Principal Drugs of Vegetable Origin, met with in Great Britain and British India, 2nd ed. London: Macmillan and Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fulton, C. C. 1944. The Opium and Other Poppies. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office (Treasury Dept., Bureau of Narcotics). 85 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gamier, G., Bézanger-Beauquesne, L. & Debraux, G. 1961. Ressources Médicinales de la Flore Francaise. In two volumes. Paris: Vigot Frères. 1511 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gastinel, Professor. 1862. Monagraphie des Opiums de la Haute Égypte. Mémoires de l’Institut d’Egypt1: 411–435.

    Google Scholar 

  • Georgiev, K. 1940. Cultivation and collection of medicinal plants in Bulgaria. (Summary in English). 271 p.

  • Goris, A. & Demilly, J. 1919. La Culture des Plantes Medicinales. Paris: Vigot Frères. 143 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Government of India, Ministry of Finance. 1960. Report of the Operation of the Narcotics Department for the Year Ending 30 September, 1959. Manager of Publications, Delhi: Government of India Press, Coimbatore. 53 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1963. Report on the Operation of the Narcotics Department for the Year Ending 30 September, 1961. Manager of Publications, Delhi: Government of India Press, Coimbatore. 57 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1965. Report on the Operations of the Narcotics Department for the Year Ending 30 September, 1962. Manager of Publications, Delhi: Government of India Press, Coimbatore. 51 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1967. Report on the Operation of the Narcotics Department for the Year Ending 30 September, 1963. Manager of Publications, Delhi: Government of India Press, Coimbatore. 57 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1970. Report on the Operation of the Narcotics Department for the Year Ending 30 September, 1964. Manager of Publications, Delhi: Government of India Press, Faridabad. 55 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Groseclose, E. 1947. Introduction to Iran. New York: Oxford University Press. 257 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann, W. 1915—1916. Der Mohn, seine Kultur, Geschichte und geographische Verbreitung, sowie Art und Ausdehnung des Opiumgenusses. Geographischen Gesellschaft für Thüringen zu Jena Mitteilungen 33: 1–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heeger, E. F. 1956. Handbuch des Arznei und Gewürzpflanzenbaues Drogengewinnung. Berlin: Deutscher Bauernverlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • - & Poethke, W. 1947.Papaver somniferum L. Der Mohn—Anbau, Chemie, Verwendung. Pharmazie, 4 Beiheft, 1 Ergänzungsband,6 Auflage Berlin, pp. 235–340.

  • Heffter, E. R. 1868. Notes on the culture of and commerce in opium in Asia Minor. Amer. J. Pharm.40: 362–368.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hosie, Sir A. 1914. On the Trail of the Opium Poppy. A Narrative of Travel in the Chief Opium-Producing Provinces of China. In two volumes. London: George Philip & Son Ltd. Vol. I, 300 p.; Vol. II, 308 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, W. W. 1893. The Indian Empire. Its People, History and Products, 3rd ed. (Facsimilie reprint, 1966). New York: AMS Press, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Husni Sarim (Celebioğlu, S.). 1932. Über die Opium gewinnung in der Türkei und die Entwicklung der Milchsaftschläuche beiPapaver somniferum. Inaugural Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doctorwürde genehmigt von Philosophischen Fakultät der Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin. Berlin: Dr. Emil Ebering. 51 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hussain, S. F. 1971. The Exploitation of the Natural Drug Resources of West Pakistan. Part II. Industry based chemicals required in codeine production. Bull. No. 4, 4 p. PCSIR Laboratories Jamrud Road Peshawar.

  • Ikram, M. 1970. The Exploitation of the Natural Drug Resources of West Pakistan. Part I. Bull. No. 3, 4 p. PCSIR Laboratories Jamrud Road Peshawar.

  • —, Rafiullah, M., Durrani, A. A. & Israr Khan, M. 1968. Alkaloidal composition of opium obtained with successive lancings. Pak. J. Ind. Sci. Res. (Karachi)11: 255–258.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Incekara, F. 1949. Different Turkish poppies with respect to their value for seeds and opium. Ph.D. Thesis, Ankara University. (In Turkish).

  • - & Tariman, C. 1954. Investigations on seed and opium from Turkish poppies (In Turkish). Agricultural Ministry and Directorate of Information and Publications, Ankara, Issue No. 46, 25 p.

  • International Pharmacopoeia. 1967. Specifications for the quality control of pharmaceutical preparations, 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jermstad, A. 1921. Das Opium. Seine Kultur und Verwertung im Handel. Wien und Leipzig: A. Hartlebens Verlag. 208 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kâgitçi, M. A. 1960. Opium (In Turkish). Istanbul: Vakit Matbaasi. 88 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamm, H. 1973. They shoot opium smugglers in Iran but … New York Times Magazine, February 11, pp. 42–45.

  • Kapoor, L. D. 1961. Poppy cultivation is paying. Indian Farming N.S.11: 8–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohli, D. N. 1966. The story of narcotics control in India (Opium). United Nations Dept. Economic Social Affairs, Bull. Narcotics18(no. 3): 3–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuševič, V. 1960. Cultivation of the opium poppy and opium production in Yugoslavia. United Nations Dept. Economic Social Affairs, Bull. Narcotics12(no. 2): 5–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Küssner, W. 1961. Poppy straw, a problem of international narcotics control. United Nations Dept. Economic Social Affairs, Bull. Narcotics13(no. 2): 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuzmina, N. E. Cytology of the cultivated poppy in connection with its origin and evolution. Trudy po prikeladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii. Ser. II.8: 81–92 (English summary pp. 190–195). (Bull. Appl. Botany, Genetics, Plant Breeding, Lenin Academy of Sciences, USSR).

  • Leake, H. M. & Annett, H. E. 1920. Investigations concerning the production of Indian opium for medical purposes. Agric. J. India15: 124–134.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C. K. & Kim, H. K. 1970. Investigation into the geographical differences in alkaloid content of Korean opium. United Nations Dept. Economic Social Affairs, Bull. Narcotics22(no. 2): 41–46.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Legros, J. 1938. Cultivation of the opium poppy in Central Europe and the near East. Intern. Rev. Agric.29: 29T-41T.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lichtenfelder, W. 1903. Le Pavot à Opium avec Appendice I. Note sur la production et le commerce de l’opium en Chine par H. Brenier. Appendice II. Le Pavot à Opium au Tran-Ninh (Laos) par R. Pidance. Publiations de la Direction de l’Agriculture et du Commerce de l’Indo-Chine. Extraits du Bulletin Economique (de l’Indo-Chine). Nos. 21, 22, et 23. Sept., Oct., Nov. (pp. 597–614, 689–709 and 752–797 respectively). Hanoi: Impremerie Typo-Lithographique F. H. Schneider.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, J. U. 1921. Origin and History of all the Pharmacopoeial Vegetable Drugs, Chemicals and Preparations with Bibliography. Vol. 1. Vegetable Drugs. pp. 224–234. Cincinnati: Caxton Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madan, C. L., Kapur, B. M. & Gupta, U. S. 1966. Saffron. Econ. Bot.20: 377–385.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maltass, S. H. 1855. On the production of opium in Asia Minor. Pharm. J.14: 395–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manndorff, H., Scholz, F. & Volprecht, K. 1968a. Miao (Thailand, Tak-Provinz)-Opiumernte. Göttingen: Institut für den Wissenschaftlichen Film. Color film E1275.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1968b. Miao (Thailand, Tak-Provinz)-Opiumrauch. Göttingen: Institut für den Wissenschaftlichen Film. Color film E1276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, E. 1893. L’Opium: ses abus, mangeurs et fumeurs d’opium, morphinomanes … (Bibliothèque générale de physiologie). Paris: Société d’éditions scientifiques. 173 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCoy, A. W. (with C. B. Read and L. P. Adams II). 1972. The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia. New York: Harper & Row. 464 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, A. 1896. The poppy and opium in Persia. Amer. J. Pharm. (4th series)68: 435–438.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merck, E. 1836. Über die Verschiedenen, gegenwärtig im Handel befindlichen Opiumsorten und deren Gehalt an organischen Basen. Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem.18: 79–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Millant, R. 1913. La Culture du Pavot et le commerce de l’Opium en Turquie. (Bibliothèque d’Agriculture Coloniale) Paris: Challamel. 43 P.

    Google Scholar 

  • Money-Kyrle, A. F. 1957. Agricultural Development and Research in Turkey: Abridged from the original and edited by R. H. Porter, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, Publ. No. 4.

  • Moscow, A. 1968. Merchants of Heroin. An In-Depth Portrayal of Business in the Underworld. New York: Dial Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Narcotics Bulletin, Thailand. 1966. Central Bureau of Narcotics Parusakawan Palace, Bangkok.

  • Neligan, A. R. 1927. The Opium Question: With Special Reference to Persia. London: John Bale, Sons & Danielsson, Ltd. 84 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Opium and Narcotics Laws. 1972. Compiled by Gilan G. Udell. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Laboratories. 1971. Ten Years of PCSIR Laboratories, Peshawar, 1961–1971. Peshawar: PCSIRL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfeifer, S. 1962. Mohn-Arzneipflanze seit mehr als zweitausend Jahren. Pharmazie17: 467–479, 536–554.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polak, J. E. 1883. Das Persiche Opium. Osterreichische Monatsschrift fur den Orient7(nr. 7): 124–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Popov, P., Dimitrov, Y., Iliev, L., & Georgiev, S. 1971. The Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum). Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Publishing House, Sofia. 234 pp. (English summary on pp. 214–232).

  • Prochaska, M. 1928. Beobachtungen über das Auftreten vonPeronospora arborescens (Falscher meltau) aufPapaver somniferum. Forsch. Landwirt.3: 165–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rafael, S. E. 1923. Opium poppy in Egypt. Agric. J. Egypt N.S.1(no. 1): 18–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramanathan, V. S., Prasad, K. & Gupta, R. M. 1965. Absorption of morphine from opium by porous earthen pots. United Nations Dept. Economic Social Affairs, Bull. Narcotics17(no. 4): 21–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reinmuth, E. 1942. Die parasitäre Blattdürre, eine für den Mohnbau bemerkenswerte Krankheit. Angew. Bot24: 273–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Report of the International Narcotics Control Board on its Work in 1970. 1970. Intern. Narcotics Control Board, Geneva, November, E/INCB/13. New York: United Nations.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1970. 1971. Intern. Narcotics Control Board, Geneva, November, E/INCB/13. New York: United Nations.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1972. Intern. Narcotics Control Board, Geneva, E/INCB/17. New York: United Nations.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1973. Intern. Narcotics Control Board, Geneva, E/INCB/18. New York: United Nations.

    Google Scholar 

  • Report of the International Opium Commission, Shanghai, China. 1909. In two volumes. Vol. I, Report of the Proceedings, 118 p; Vol. II, Reports of the Delegations. February 1–26, 1909. See especially Vol. II, p. 44 et seq, China I. Historical Note on Opium. Shanghai: Printed and published by the North China Daily News & Herald Ltd.

  • Report of the United Nations Survey Team on the Economic and Social Needs of the Opium-Producing Areas of Thailand. 1967. January–February. Bangkok, Thailand. 139 p.

  • —. 1968. The Hill tribes of Thailand and the place of opium in their socio-economic setting. United Nations Dept. Economic Social Affairs, Bull. Narcotics20(no. 3): 7–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritter, C. 1836. Die Opiumcultur, die Mohnpflanze (Papaver somniferum Linn.), pp. 773–800.In: Die Erdkunde im Verhaltniss zur Natur und zur Geschichte des Menschen, oder Allgemeine vergleichende Geographie … Sechster Theil. Zweites Buch, Ost-Asien. Berlin: G. Reimer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roi, J. 1955. Traité des Plantes Médicinales Chinoises. Encyclopédie Biologique 47. Paris: Paul Lechevalier. 484 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Royal Commission on Opium. 1894–1895. Volumes I-V (1894), VI-VII (1895). London: Printed for Majesty’s Stationery Office by Eyre and Spottiswoode.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saihoo, P. 1963. The hill tribes of northern Thailand and the opium problem. United Nations Dept. Economic and Social Affairs, Bull. Narcotics15(no. 2): 35–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saleh, J. S. 1956. Iran suppresses opium production. United Nations Dept. Economic Social Affairs, Bull. Narcotics8(no. 3): 1–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santavý, F. 1970. Papaveraceae alkaloids, pp. 333–454. InThe Alkaloids, Chemistry and Physiology, ed. by R. H. F. Manske, Vol. XII. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, J. 1877. Manual of Opium Husbandry, For Use of Offices in the Government Agencies of Behar and Benares. Calcutta: Bengal Secretariat Press. 194 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shevelev, V. A., Bankovsky, A. I. & Muravyova, V. I. 1958. Mechanical drying of raw opium. United Nations Dept. Economic Social Affairs, Bull. Narcotics10(no. 2): 6–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shuljgin, G. 1969. Cultivation of the opium poppy and the poppy in the Soviet Union. United Nations Dept. Economic Social Affairs, Bull. Narcotics21 (no. 4): 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, C. 1969. Poppy cultivation for opium. World Crops21: 270.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, H. H. et al. 1969. Area Handbook for Afghanistan. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. 435 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1971. Area Handbook for Iran. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. 653 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, H. 1923. Über Mohnbau und Opiumgewinnung in Deutschland (Fünfte Mitteilungen). Ber. Deut. Pharm. Ges.33: 25–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations. Economic and Social Council. Commission on Narcotic Drugs. 1962. Summary of annual reports of governments relating to opium and other narcotic drugs. E/NR.1962 Summary.

  • -. 1971. Summary of annual reports of governments relating to opium and other narcotic drugs. 1969. Mimeo. docu. E/NR.1969/ Summary.

  • United Nations Opium Conference. 1953. Protocol and Final Act. Signed at New York 23 June, 1953. Geneva: United Nations.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Survey Team. 1969. The opium-producing hill tribes of northern Thailand. United Nations Dept. Economic Social Affairs, Bull. Narcotics22(no. 1): 1–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • United States Pharmacopoeial Convention. 1970. The Pharmacopoeia of the United States of America. 18th rev., Easton, Pa.

  • Van Roy, E. 1966. Economic dualism and economic change among the hill tribes of Thailand. Pacific Viewpoint7: 151–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1971. Economic Systems of Northern Thailand. Structure and change. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. 289 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vardhan, S. K. 1956. The manufacture and sale of opium and opium alkaloids at the Ghazipur factory. United Nations Dept. Economic Social Affairs, Bull. Narcotics8(no. 2): 35–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vavilov, N. I. & Bukinich, D. D. 1929. Agricultural Afghanistan. (In Russian with English summary, pp. 535–610). Trúdy po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii Suppl. 33. (Bull. Appl. Botany, Genetics and Plant Breeding, Lenin Academy of Sciences, USSR). 610 p.

  • Vesselovskaya, M. 1963. The poppy: its classification and its importance as an oleiferous crop. Trudy po prikeladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii56: Suppl. I-XII, 1–213. (Bull. Applied Botany, Genetics and Plant Breeding, Lenin Academy of Sciences, USSR).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vrgoč, A. 1929. Das mazedonische opium. Arch. Pharm.267: 352–370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, W. 1926. Die Chinesische Landwirtschaft. Berlin: Verlagsbuchhandlung. 668 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watt, G. 1892. A Dictionary of the Economic Products of India. In six volumes. Volume VI, Part I. London: W. H. Allen & Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wealth of India. 1966. Volume VII (N-Pe). Raw materials. New Delhi: Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR. 330 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • West, Q. M. 1972. Grain and livestock can replace poppies in Turkey’s farm income. Foreign Agric.10(no. 4): 2–3, 12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilber, D. N. 1967. Iran, Past and Present. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 312 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, Sir A. T. 1925. The opium trade through Persian spectacles. Asian Rev. (N.S.)21: 181–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Opium Survey. 1972. Cabinet Committee on International Narcotics Control [Washington, D.C.] July, 1972. iii + 48 p. + 63 p. appendix.

  • Wright, A. E. 1954. Opium in Pakistan. United Nations Dept. Social Affairs, Bull. Narcotics6(no. 3-4): 11–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1958. The battle against opium in Iran — a record of progress. United Nations Dept. Economic Social Affairs, Bull. Narcotics10(no. 2): 8–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Youngken, H. W. 1948. Textbook of Pharmacognosy. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1063 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zacher, G. 1897. Das Opium. Prometheus8: 385–388, 401–406.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaman, M. B. 1961. The present resources of medicinal plants and their development in Pakistan. Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res. (Karachi)4: 212–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zender, J. 1929. La Question de l’Opium. Génève: Verlag Librairie. 283 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhukovsky, P. M. 1933. La Turquie Agricole (Partie Asiatique-Anatolie). In Russian with French summary. ForP. somniferum see pp. 476–506 (in Russian); pp. 866–871 (in French). Moscow and Leningrad: Les Editions de l’Etat Section Agricole “Selkhozghiz”.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zogg, H. 1945. Die Blattdürre des Mohns (Pyrenophora calvescens [Fr.] Sacc., NebenfruchtformDendryphium penicillatum [Cda.] Fr.). Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Gesell.55: 240–269.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1946. Versuche zur Kenntnis der Herzfaüle des Ölmohns (Papaver somniferum L.) und deren Bekämpfung. Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Gesell.56: 5–12.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, 11794, Stony Brook, New York

    A. D. Krikorian & Myron C. Ledbetter

  2. Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 11973, Upton, New York

    A. D. Krikorian & Myron C. Ledbetter

Authors
  1. A. D. Krikorian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Myron C. Ledbetter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

Any work actually performed or intimated as having been carried out in this paper was done under the tenure by A.D.K. of license PK 0053760 from the Federal Bureau of Narcotic and Dangerous Drugs (BNDD) and Certificate No. 2712 from the Department of Health of the State of New York. Work done at Brookhaven has been done under license PA 0042818 and under the auspices of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, now the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA).

Information provided in this paper reflects the state of affairs as of May 15, 1974. Since the problem of illicit opium production is of great socio-economic importance, one can appreciate the state of flux that emerges as a result of the continuing attempts on the part of various governments to eliminate or at least minimize the illegal trade. This means that great caution should be exercised in assessing the situation as it currently exists in any given country.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Krikorian, A.D., Ledbetter, M.C. Some observations on the cultivation of opium poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) for its latex. Bot. Rev 41, 30–103 (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860836

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860836

Keywords

Search

Navigation