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Influence of environmental factors on the wood structure of living and fossil trees

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Abstract

The mechanism of wood development records in varying degree the effects of both external and internal factors that are operating at the time of development. As a result, fossil woods spanning the last 370 million years represent a unique palaeo-environmental data-store. Data concerning external factors that can be reclaimed consist of: presence or absence of growth rings; ring widths; relative proportions of earlywood and latewood and the nature of the transition between them; “false” and “frost” rings and evidence of damage by animals or fire; occurrence of reaction wood. These effects have to be seen against a background of the influences of the internal factors.

The development of wood involves the action of plant growth regulators. The production of an entire season’s growth of wood depends on a supply of photosynthate, partly stored from the previous year, and the remainder directly from photosynthesis during the current one. In any population of trees of the same species there will be genetic variation which will lead to differences in the wood formed by the individual trees even if they have all grown in a largely similar environment. However the external factors exert a much greater influence than the internal ones.

Our earliest fossil woods (Upper Devonian) show either seasonless growth patterns or, if weak rings are perceptible, then the increments are extensive. This is consistent with the palaeo-equatorial position of all recorded Devonian woods. In the Carboniferous a few sites (marginal in the tropical belt?) show subdued (weak) growth rings. By the time of the Gondwana glaciation strong rings are shown in high southern latitudes, but most surprisingly there are sizeable increments well inside the palaeoantarctic circle. This phenomenon persists into the Mesozoic where lack of growth rings shows consistency with positions within the palaeo-equatorial latitudes. However occurrence of Cretaceous high latitude wood growth demonstrates that given an adequate ambient temperature, forest growth was possible close to both poles. It is shown that this is consistent with the total energy flux known to occur now in high latitudes.

Resumé

Le mécanisme de développement du bois enregistre à des degrés variables les effets des facteurs, à la fois externes et internes, opérant au moment du développement. C’est pourquoi les bois fossiles des dernières 370 millions d’années représentent un fonds d’information unique en ce qui concerne le paléo-environnement. Les informations qui ont pu être recueillies au sujet des facteurs externes sont les suivantes: la présence ou l’absence des zones d’accroissement; le diamètre des cernes; les proportions relatives du bois initial et du bois final et la nature de la transition entre eux; les “faux cernes” et les “cernes de gelée” et les traces de dommage causé par les animaux ou le feu; l’existence de bois de réaction. On doit analyser ces effets à la lumière des influences des facteurs internes.

Le développement du bois nécessite l’action de régulateurs de croissance des plantes. La production totale de bois pendant une saison depend de l’alimentation en produits de photosynthèse dont une partie provient des stocks de l’année précédente, le reste ayant été synthétisé pendant l’année en cours. Dans toutes les populations d’arbres d’une même espèce il existe des variations génétiques qui conduisent à des différences dans le bois formé par chaque arbre individuel même s’ils ont tous poussé dans un environnement semblable. Néanmoins les facteurs externes exercent une influence beaucoup plus importante que les facteurs internes.

Nos bois fossiles les plus anciens (Dévonien Supérieur) montrent soit des modèles de croissance qui ne tiennent pas compte des saisons, soit, si les cernes faibles sont visibles, ils sont larges. Ceci est compatible avec la position paléo-équatoriale de tous les bois Dévoniens observés. Pendant le Carbonifère, quelques sites (marginaux dans la ceinture tropicale?) montrent de faibles zones d’accroissement. A l’époque de la glaciation Gondwana, des cernes remarquables apparaissent dans les hautes latitudes méridionales, mais on observe avec surprise des accroissements de taille dans le cercle paléo-antarctique. Ce phénomène persiste pendant le Mesozoïque où l’absence des zones d’accroissement est compatible avec les positions dans les latitudes paléo-équatoriales. Cependant l’existence de forêts dans les hautes latitudes pendant le Crétacé démontre que si la température ambiante était adéquate, la pousse de forêts était possible près des deux pôles. On démontre que ceci est compatible avec le flux total d’énergie que l’on sait exister aujourd’hui dans les hautes latitudes.

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  1. Botany Department, Bedford College, University of London, Regent’s Park, NW1 4NS, Great Britain

    G. T. Creber & W. G. Chaloner

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Creber, G.T., Chaloner, W.G. Influence of environmental factors on the wood structure of living and fossil trees. Bot. Rev 50, 357–448 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02862630

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