Abstract
Representative examples of task analysis procedures were examined for common components, methods, and terminology. Resulting generic components were categorized into two phases of task analysis: task description and instructional analysis. Task description included the components of task inventory, ordering, and refinement. Instructional analysis was comprised of the specification of needs, goals, objectives, learning hierarchy, learning taxonomy, training considerations, and product development specifications. Identification of these components permitted the formulation of a generalized model of task analysis. The model contained a consensus of procedures comprising educational and industrial task analysis applications.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Andrews, D. H., & Goodson, L. A. (1980). A comparative analysis of models of instructional design.Journal of Instructional Development, Summer,3(4).
Arter, J. A., & Jenkins, J. R. (1979). Differential diagnosis— prescriptive teaching: A critical appraisal.Review of Educational Research, Fall,49(4), pp. 517–555.
Arvey, R. D., & Mossholder, K. M. (1977). A proposed methodology for determining similarities and differences among jobs.Personnel Psychology, 30(3), pp. 363–374.
Burton, R., et al. (1976).A manual for assessment and training of severely multiply handicapped deaf-blind students. New England Regional Center for Services to Deaf-Blind Children, Watertown, Mass.
Davies, I. K. (1973). Task analysis: Some process and content concerns.A. V. Communications Review, Spring,21(1).
Davies, I. K. (1981). Task analysis for reliable human performance.National Society for Performance and Instruction Journal, March.
Dick, W. (1981). Instructional design models: Future trends and issues.Educational Technology, July, pp. 29–32.
Duncan, K. (1972). Strategies for analysis of task. In J. Hartley (Ed.)Strategies for programmed instruction: An educational technology. London, England: Butterworths.
Ewing, N. A., & Brecht, R. (1977). Diagnostic/prescriptive instruction: A reconsideration of some issues.Journal of Special Education, 11(3), pp. 323–327.
Fleishman, E. A. (1978). Relating individual differences to the dimensions of human tasks.Ergonomics, 21(12), pp. 1007–1019.
Gagne, R. M. (1962). The acquisition of knowledge.Psychological Review, 69(4), pp. 355–365.
Gagne, R. M. (1965). The analysis of instructional objectives for the design of instruction. In Glaser (Ed.),Teaching machines and programmed instruction II. data and directions. Washington, D.C.: National Education Association of the United States.
Gagne, R. M. (1974). Task analysis—Its relation to content analysis.Educational Psychologist, 11(1), pp. 11–18.
Gagne, R. M. (1977).The conditions of learning, third edition. Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Gard, D. E. (1972). An approach for doing task analysis to train system designers.Proceedings of the conference on uses of task analysis in the Bell System. American Telephone and Telegraph Company, Human Resources Laboratory, Training Research Group, October.
Gibbons, A. S. (1977).A review of content and task analysis methodology (Tech. Rep. No. 2, Courseware, Inc.). ERIC Document, Ed. 143 696.
Gerlach, V. S., Reiser, R. A., & Brecke, P. H. (1977). Algorithms in education.Educational Technology, October, pp. 14–18.
Gilbert, T. F. (1972). Levels and structure of performance analysis.Proceedings of the conference on uses of task analysis in the Bell System. American Telephone and Telegraph Company, Human Resources Laboratory, Training Research Group, October.
Gilbert, T. F. (1978).Human competence, McGraw Hill Book Company: New York.
Gregory, R. (1979).Personalized task representation. DRIC-BR-69898.
Hannum, W. H. Task analysis procedures. (1980).National Society for Performance and Instruction Journal, April, pp. 6,7,14.
Herschback, D. R. (1976). Deriving instructional content through task analysis.Journal of Industrial Teacher Education, 13(3), pp. 63–73.
Mager, R. F. (1972).Goal analysis. Palo Alto: Fearon, 1972.
Martin, M. C., & Brodt, D. E. (1973). Task analysis for training and curriculum design.Improving Human Performance: A Research Quarterly, 2, pp. 113–120.
Merrill, M. D. (1973). Content and instructional analysis for cognitive transfer tasks.A. V. Communication Review, Spring,21(1), pp. 109–125.
Miller, R. B. (1953a).A method for man machine task analysis (Technical Report 53-137.) Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio: Wright Air Development Center.
Miller, R. B. (1953b).Handbook on training and training equipment design. Technical Report 53-136, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio: Wright Air Development Center.
Miller, R. B. (1962). Task description and analysis. In R. M. Gagne (Ed.)Psychological principles in systems development. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Prien, E. P., & Ronan, W. W. (1971). Job analysis: A review of research funding.Personnel Psychology, 24, pp. 371–396.
Reigeluth, C. M., Merrill, M. D., Wilson, B. G., & Spiller, R. T. (1980). The elaboration theory of instruction: A model for sequencing and synthesizing instruction.Instructional Science, 9, pp. 195–219.
Resnick, L. B., Wang, M. C., & Kaplan, J. (1973). Task analysis in curriculum design: A hierarchically sequenced introductory mathematics curriculum.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, Winter,6(4), pp. 679–710.
Siegler, R. S. (1980). Recent trends in the study of cognitive development: Variations on a task analytic time.Human Development, 23(4), pp. 278–285.
Spada, H. Understanding proportionality: A comparison of different models of cognitive development.International Journal of Behavioral Development, Vol. 1(4), pp. 363–376.
Sullivan, H. S. (1971). Developing effective objectives-based instruction.Educational Technology, July, pp. 55–57.
Swinton, S. S. (1977).The role of short-term memory in the development of logical operation skills (Tech. Rep. No. 445). Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Education (DNEW).
Wildman, T. M., & Burton, J. K. (1981). Integrating learning theory with instructional design.Journal of Instructional Development, Spring,4(3), pp. 5–14.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kennedy, P., Esque, T. & Novak, J. A functional analysis of task analysis procedures for instuctional design. Journal of Instructional Development 6, 10–16 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02906213
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02906213