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Paleobiogeographic relationships of angiosperms from the Cretaceous and early Tertiary of the North American area

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Abstract

The biogeographic affinities of the Cretaceous and early Tertiary angiosperm floras of the North American area (which includes Meso-America, and the Greater Antilles) have been the subject of considerable interest. Although recent treatments of isolated taxa have shown affinities between North American, European, east Asian and Neotropic floras, the relationships have not been quantified. This study compiles the records of fossils whose familial relationships seem secure. This provides a carefully culled, and uniformly presented review of the Cretaceous and Paleogene record from 1950 to 1989 and supplements LaMotte (1950). A subset of these records, which showed compelling evidence of subfamilial relationships, was analyzed to quantify the relationships of the Cretaceous, Paleocene, Eocene and Oligocene floras to other regions. The analysis suggests that for the entire period 24% of the fossil species had affinities with extant taxa from the Northern Hemisphere; 10% with taxa from the Northern Hemisphere that have a few species in South America; 17% with taxa from Eurasia; 3% with taxa with a disjunct Eurasian-South American pattern; 19% with taxa from South America and/or Africa; 8% with taxa from South America and/or Africa that have an important sister group in southeast Asia; 5% with taxa from the Old World; and 13% with taxa having other distribution patterns. Those fossils with affinities to Laurasian taxa are mostly found in the northern and western portions of the North American area. The fossils with affinities to South American and/or African taxa are found in the southern portions of North America, Meso-America, and the Greater Antilles. The taxa with disjunct distributions show both patterns. These patterns suggest that during this time there were wide-spread temperate elements, found throughout Laurasia; Boreotropical flora elements, distributed in North America, Europe and along the Tethys seaway to southeast Asia; and West Gondwana elements which show dispersion from South America across the proto-Caribbean. The paleobotanical data are compatible with current geological, paleontological and biogeographical studies.

Zusammenfassung

Die biogeographischen Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen der Angiospermen-Floren Nordamerikas (einschließlich Mittelamerika und den Grossen Antillen) aus der Kreide und dem frühen Tertiär sind Gegenstand besonderen Interesses. Obwohl aktuelle Studien an isolierten Taxa Verwandtschaften zwischen den Horer Nordamerikas, Europas, Ostasiens und der Neotropen aufgezeigt haben, wurden die Beziehungen bisher nicht quantifiziert. Die vorliegende Untersuchung stellt Fossilienfunde zusammen, deren familiäre Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen sicher scheinen. Daraus ergibt sich eine sorgfältig ausgewählte und einheitlich dargestellte Übersichtsbesprechung des Kreide- und Palaeogen-verzeichnisses von 1950 in Ergänzung zu Lamotte (1950). Eine Auswahl dieser Funde, die eindeutige Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen auf Unterfamilien-Ebene zeigten, wurde analysiert, um die Beziehungen der Floren der Kreide, des Palaeozäns, Eozäns und Oligozäns zu anderen Regionen zu quantifizieren. Die Analyse zeigt, daß über den gesamten Zeitraum 24% der fossilen Arten Verwandtschaften mit recenten Taxa der noerdlichen Hemisphaere aufwiesen, 10% mit Taxa der nördlichen Hemisphäre welche mit wenigen Arten in Südamerika vertreten sind, 17% mit Taxa aus Eurasien, 3% mit Taxa mit einem disjunkten eurasisch-südamerikanischem Verbreitungsmuster, 19% mit Taxa aus Südamerika und/oder Afrika, 8% mit Taxa aus Südamerika und/oder Afrika, welche eine bedeutende Geschwistergruppe in Südostasien haben, 5% mit Taxa der Alten Welt und 13% mit Taxa mit abweichenden Verbreitungsmustern. Die Fossilien, die Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen zu Laurasischen Taxa aufweisen, finden sich vor allem in den nördlichen und westlichen Gebieten Nordamerikas. Die Fossilien mit Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen zu den südamerikanischen und/oder afrikanischen Taxa finden sich in den südlichen Gebieten Nordamerikas, in Mittlelamerika und den Grossen Antillen. Die Taxa mit disjunkten Verteilungen zeigen beide Verbreitungsmuster. Die Befunde legen die Deutung nahe, daß während dieser Zeit Vertreter nördlich temperierter Zonen in Laurasien weit verbreitet waren, Vertreter der Boreotropen in Nordamerika, Europa und entlang des Tethys Seeweges nach Südostasien verbreitet waren, und West Gondwana Vertreter sich von Südamerika über die Proto-Karibik verteilten. Die palaeobotanischen Daten stehen im Einklang mit aktuellen geologischen, palaeontologischen und biogeographischen Untersuchungen.

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Taylor, D.W. Paleobiogeographic relationships of angiosperms from the Cretaceous and early Tertiary of the North American area. Bot. Rev 56, 279–417 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02995927

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