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Ballaststoffe: Mehr als ein Diätmittel

I. Arten, Eigenschaften, physiologische Wirkungen

Dietary fibre: More than a matter of dietetics

I. Compounds, properties, physiological effects

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Summary

Dietary fibre is a heterogeneous group of substances which have only one common characteristic: the non-digestability in the small bowel. With one exception all fibres are carbohydrates (poly- or disaccharides). Some fibres are water-soluble, others are unsoluble. This property is associated with physiological effects. Soluble (viscous) fibres can bind water and thus form hydrocolloids or gels, unsoluble ones cannot. Dietary fibres play an essential role in the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract. They modify the absorption of nutrients (particularly carbohydrates and lipids) in the small bowel. They accelerate the gut transit time and determine stool composition and quantity. They are the main nutritional source for the colonic microflora. During the bacterial fermentation short-chain fatty acids are formed which are essential for nutrition and integrity of the colonocytes and for colonic function. Moreover gases, detoxicating enzymes, antioxidants and carcinogen-inactivating compounds arise. The most important fibres are cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, guar, psyllium, β-glucan, Klason lignin and digestion-resistant starch; they are present in varying amounts in plant foods and in fibre preparations. The usual daily intake of dietary fibre in Europe and the USA amounts to only 15–20g, while health authorities and nutrition societies recommend a reference value of at least 30 g. Dietary fibres are applied as food-integrated, as supplement and as purified substances.

Zusammenfassung

Ballaststoffe sind eine heterogene Gruppe von Substanzen, die nur eine Eigenschaft gemeinsam haben: die Nicht-Verdaulichkeit im Dünndarm. Mit einer Ausnahme sind alle Ballaststoffe Kohlenhydrate vom Typ der Poly- oder Oligosaccharide. Einige Ballaststoffe sind wasserlöslich, die anderen unlöslich. Dieses Kriterium korreliert mit ihrer physiologischen Wirkung. Lösliche (visköse) Ballaststoffe haben im Gegensatz zu den unlöslichen die Fähigkeit zu quellen und Hydrokolloide oder Gele zu bilden. Ballaststoffe spielen eine wesentliche Rolle in der Physiologie des Gastrointestinaltrakts. Sie modifizieren die Absorption von Nährstoffen (besonders Kohlenhydraten und Fetten) im Dünndarm. Sie beschleunigen die Darmpassage und bestimmen die Zusammensetzung und Quantität der Faeces. Sie stellen das hauptsächliche Nahrungssubstrat für die Colonflora dar. Bei ihrer Verwertung durch die Darmbakterien (Fermentation) kommt es zu bedeutsamen symbiotischen Effekten: Es werden kurzkettige Fettsäuren, die das Colonepithel ernähren und das Fließgleichgewicht von Zellbildung und_-elimination steuern, gebildet. Außerdem entstehen Gase, entgiftende Enzyme, Antioxidantien und carcinogen-inaktivierende Stoffe. Die wesentlichen Ballaststoff-Substanzen sind Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Pektin, Guar, Lignin und verdauungsresistente Stärke; sie kommen in unterschiedlichem Gehalt in pflanzlichen Lebensmitteln und in Ballaststoffpräparaten vor. Der durchschnittliche Ballaststoffkonsum in Europa und den USA liegt heute mit 15–20 g weit unter dem von den Fachgesellschaften empfohlenen Richtwert von mindestens 30g/Tag. Ballaststoffe werden in drei Applikationsformen — als komplexes Lebensmittel, als angereichertes Präparat und als isolierte Substanzen — eingesetzt.

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Trepel, F. Ballaststoffe: Mehr als ein Diätmittel. Wien Klin Wochenschr 116, 465–476 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03040941

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