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The eelectrochemical processing of refractory metals

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Abstract

Electrochemical processing is used extensively in the primary extraction of metals (electrowinning), the purification and recycling of metals (electrorefining), and the formation of metal coatings (electroplating). With respect to the refractory metals, electrochemical processing is conducted almost exclusively in nonaqueous media, predominantly in molten salts. Electrolysis infused salts as well as other nonaqueous media has enormous potential for materials processing. First, because of the special attributes of nonaqueous electrolytes, electrochemical processing in these media has an important role to play in the generation of advanced materials—materials with specialized chemistries or tailored microstructures (electrosynthesis). Second,as environmental quality standards rise beyond the capabilities of classical metals extraction technologies to comply, electrochemical processing may prove to be the only acceptable route from ore to metal.

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  1. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA

    Donald R. Sadoway Ph.D. (associate professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, member of TMS)

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Author's Note

In this article, the notation for the periodic table of the elements follows recent recommendations by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and the American Chemical Society (ACS) nomenclature committees. To eliminate ambiguity, A and B designations are avoided. Groups IA and IIA are Groups 1 and 2, respectively, the d-transition elements are Groups 3 through 12, and the p-block elements are Groups 13 through 18. In the last digit, the former Roman-numeral designation is preserved (e.g., IV becomes 4 and 14. Thus, titanium, zirconium and hafnium become Group 4, and C, Si, Ge, Sn and Pb become Group 14).

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Sadoway, D.R. The eelectrochemical processing of refractory metals. JOM 43, 15–19 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03220614

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