Abstract
Behavior analysis is a cultural system of which the Association for Behavior Analysis is a component cultural system. As cultural systems, they are composed of interlocking behavioral contingencies that constitute their cultural practices. Critical to the survival of both cultural systems is the frequency of interaction with and the nature of the content of the behavioral contingencies composing those cultural practices. The strengths of behavior analysis as a cultural system include its disciplinary character and its worldwide community of scientists and practitioners; its ability to be integrated into a scientific worldview; its track record in providing effective solutions to problems of importance to society; and the high levels of intellect, competence, and commitment that are characteristic of its participants. Weaknesses of behavior analysis are its status as an academic orphan, its relatively small size and its underdeveloped professional identity, and a lack of sociopolitical sophistication among many of its members. Behavior analysis will need to maximize its strengths and mitigate its weaknesses if it is to take advantage of the many opportunities available for growth in the modern world.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abernathy, W. B., Duffy, E. M., & O’Brien, R. M. (1982). Multi-branch, multi-systems programs in banking: An organization-wide intervention. In R. M. O’Brien, A. M. Dickinson, & M. P. Rosow (Eds.), Industrial behavior modification: A management handbook (pp. 370–382). New York: Pergamon Press.
Adams, R. N. (1988). The eighth day: Social evolution as the self-organization of energy. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Alessi, G. (1992). Models of proximate and ultimate causation. American Psychologist, 47, 1359–1370.
Baer, D. M. (1981). A flight of behavior analysis. The Behavior Analyst, 4, 85–91.
Baer, D. M., & Sherman, J. A. (1964). Reinforcement control of generalized imitation in young children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 1, 37–49.
Barnes, D., & Keenan, M. (1993). Concurrent activities and instructed human fixed-interval performance. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 59, 501–520.
Bentall, R. P., & Lowe, C. F. (1987). The role of verbal behavior in human learning: III. Instructional effects in children. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 47, 177–190.
Bijou, S. W., & Baer, D. M. (1978). Behavior analysis of child development (rev. ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Brady, J. V. (1992). Continuously programmed environments and the experimental analysis of human behavior. Monograph No. 1 in S. S. Glenn (Ed.), Progress in behavioral studies monograph series. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies.
Burgio, L. D., Page, T. J., & Capriotti, R. M. (1985). Clinical behavioral pharmacology: Methods for evaluating medications and contingency management. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 18, 45–59.
Catania, A. C. (1973). The concept of the operant in the analysis of behavior. Behaviorism, 1, 103–115.
Catania, A. C. (1984). Learning (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Donahoe, J. W. (1991). The selectionist approach to verbal behavior: Potential contributions of neuropsychology and connectionism. In L. J. Hayes & P. N. Chase (Eds.), Dialogues on verbal behavior (pp. 119–145). Reno, NV: Context Press.
Ellis, J. (1991). Contingencies and metacontingencies in correctional settings. In P. A. Lamal (Ed.), Behavioral analysis of societies and cultural practices (pp. 201–217). Washington, DC: Hemisphere Press.
Foxx, R. M., & Shapiro, S. T. (1978). The timeout ribbon: A nonexclusionary time-out procedure. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 11, 125–136.
Geller, E. S. (1990). Performance management and occupational safety: Start with a safety belt program. In W. K. Redmon & A. M. Dickinson (Eds.), Promoting excellence through performance management (pp. 149–174). New York: Haworth Press.
Geller, E. S., Paterson, L., & Talbott, E. (1982). A behavioral analysis of incentive prompts for motivating seat belt use. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 15, 403–413.
Gleick, J. (1987). Chaos: Making a new science. London: Penguin Group.
Glenn, S. S. (1986). Behavior: A gene for the social sciences. Poster presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.
Glenn, S. S. (1988). Contingencies and metacontingencies: Toward a synthesis of behavior analysis and cultural materialism. The Behavior Analyst, 11, 161–179.
Glenn, S. S. (1991). Contingencies and metacontingencies: Relations between behavioral, cultural, and biological evolution. In P. Lamal (Ed.), Behavior analysis of societies and cultural practices. Washington, DC: Hemisphere Press.
Glenn, S. S., Ellis, J., & Greenspoon, J. (1992). On the revolutionary nature of the operant as a unit of behavioral selection. American Psychologist, 47, 1329–1336.
Glenn, S. S., & Field, D. P. (1993). Functions of the environment and operant behavior. Unpublished manuscript.
Glenn, S. S., & Malagodi, E. F. (1991). Process and content in behavioral and cultural phenomena. Behavior and Social Issues, 1, 1–14.
Goldiamond, I. (1962). Perception. In A. J. Bachrach (Ed.), Experimental foundations of clinical psychology (pp. 280–340). New York: Basic Books.
Harris, M. (1979). Cultural materialism: The struggle for a science of culture. New York: Random House.
Heimstein, R. J. (1961). Relative and absolute strength of response as a function of frequency of reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 4, 267–272.
Hineline, P. N. (1986). Re-tuning the operantrespondent distinction. In T. Thompson & M. D. Zeiler (Eds.), Analysis and integration of behavioral units (pp. 55–79). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Horner, R. D. (1980). The effects of an environmental “enrichment” program on the behavior of institutionalized profoundly retarded children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 13, 473–491.
Hull, D. (1984). Units of evolution: A metaphysical essay. In R. N. Brandon & R. M. Burian (Eds.), Genes, organisms, populations: Controversies over the units of selection (pp. 142–160). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Hussian, R. A., & Davis, R. L. (1985). Responsive care: Behavioral interventions with elderly persons. Champaign, IL: Research Press.
Iwata, B. A., Dorsey, M. F., Slifer, K. J., Bauman, K. E., & Richman, G. S. (1982). Toward a functional analysis of self-injury. Analysis and Intervention in Developmental Disabilities, 2, 3–20.
Johnson, K. R., & Layng, T. V. J. (1992). Breaking the structuralist barrier: Literacy and numeracy with fluency. Paper presented at Selectionist Workshop at the meeting of the Association for Behavior Analysis, San Francisco.
Johnston, J. M. (1993). Basic and applied research: Bifurcation or continuum. In J. Green-spoon (Chair), Integrating applied, basic, and conceptual work in behavior analysis. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the Association for Behavior Analysis, Chicago.
Johnston, J. M., & Shook, G. L. (1987). Developing behavior analysis at the state level. The Behavior Analyst, 10, 199–233.
Joyce, J. H., & Chase, P. N. (1990). Effects of response variability on the sensitivity of rule-governed behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 54, 251–262.
Keller, F. S., & Schoenfeld, W. N. (1950). Principles of psychology. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Killeen, P. R. (1992). Mechanics of the animate. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 57, 429–463.
Krantz, P. J., & McClannahan, L. E. (1993). Teaching children with autism to initiate to peers: Effects of a script-fading procedure. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 26, 121–132.
Laszlo, E. (1987). Evolution: The grand synthesis. Boston: New Science Library.
Lee, V. L. (1988). Beyond behaviorism. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Lubinski, D., & Thompson, T. (1986). Functional units of human behavior and their integration: A dispositional analysis. In T. Thompson & M. D. Zeiler (Eds.), Analysis and integration of behavioral units (pp. 275–314). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Malott, R. W. (1988). Rule-governed behavior and behavioral anthropology. The Behavior Analyst, 11, 181–203.
Martens, B. K., & Houk, J. L. (1989). The application of Herrnstein’s law of effect to disruptive and on-task behavior of a retarded adolescent girl. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 51, 17–27.
Matos, M. A. (1992, October). Conditional discrimination: Instructions, consequences and trial types. Paper presented at the First International Congress on Behaviorism and the Sciences of Behavior, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico.
Matos, M. A., & d’Oliveira, M. M. H. (1992). Equivalence relations and reading. In S. C. Hayes & L. J. Hayes (Eds.), Understanding verbal relations (pp. 83–94). Reno, NV: Context Press.
McDowell, J. J. (1988). Matching theory in natural human environments. The Behavior Analyst, 11, 95–109.
Mechner, F. (1992). The revealed operant: A way to study the characteristics of individual occurrences of operant responses. Monograph No. 3 in S. S. Glenn (Ed.), Progress in behavioral studies monograph series. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies.
Michael, J. L. (1980). Flight from behavior analysis. The Behavior Analyst, 3, 1–21.
Michael, J. L. (1985). Behavior analysis: A radical perspective. In B. L. Hammonds (Ed.), Master lecture series: Vol. 4. Psychology of learning (pp. 99–121). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Miller, R. R., & Spear, N. E. (Eds.). (1985). Information processing in animals: Conditioned inhibition. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Morris, E. K. (1992). Beyond interpretation: The experimental analysis of behavioral content. Commentary on J. V. Brady, Continuously programmed environments and the experimental analysis of behavior. Monograph 1, Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies Monograph Series.
Nevin, J. A. (1992). An integrative model for the study of behavioral momentum. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 57, 301–316.
Page, S., & Neuringer, A. (1985). Variability as an operant. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 11, 429–452.
Pantin, C. F. A. (1968). The relations between the sciences. London: Cambridge University Press.
Pear, J. J., & Legris, J. A. (1987). Shaping by automated tracking of an arbitrary operant response. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 47, 241–247.
Peterson, R. F. (1968). Some experiments on the organization of a class of imitative behaviors. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1, 225–235.
Robinson, J. K., & Woodward, W. R. (1989). The convergence of behavioral biology and operant psychology: Toward an interlevel and interfield science. The Behavior Analyst, 12, 131–141.
Russo, D. C., Cataldo, M. F., & Cushing, P. J. (1981). Compliance training and behavioral covariation in the treatment of multiple behavior problems. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 14, 209–222.
Schick, K. (1971). Operants. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 15, 413–423.
Schwartz, B. (1982). Failure to produce response variability with reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 37, 171–181.
Scott, T. R. (1991). A personal view of the future of psychology departments. American Psychologist, 46, 975–976.
Shook, G. L. (1993). The professional credential in behavior analysis. The Behavior Analyst, 16, 87–101.
Sidman, M. (1971). Reading and auditory-visual equivalences. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 14, 5–13.
Sidman, M. (1986). Functional anlaysis of emergent verbal classes. In T. Thompson & M. D. Zeiler (Eds.), Analysis and integration of behavioral units (pp. 213–245). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Skinner, B. F. (1938). The behavior of organisms. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and human behavior. New York: Free Press.
Skinner, B. F. (1957). Verbal behavior. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Skinner, B. F. (1969). Contingencies of reinforcement: A theoretical analysis. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Skinner, B. F. (1974). About behaviorism. New York: Knopf.
Skinner, B. F. (1981). Selection by consequences. Science, 213, 501–504.
Staats, A. W. (1968). Learning, language, and cognition. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
Sulzer-Azaroff, B., Loafman, B., Merante, R. J., & Hlavacek, A. C. (1990). Improving occupational safety in a large industrial plant: A systematic replication. In W. K. Redmon & A. M. Dickinson (Eds.), Promoting excellence through performance management (pp. 99–120). New York: Haworth Press.
Thompson, T., & Zeiler, M. D. (1986). Analysis and integration of behavioral units. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Torgrud, L. J., & Holborn, S. W. (1990). The effects of verbal performance descriptions on nonverbal operant responding. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 54, 273–291.
Tucci, V., & Hursh, D. (1991). Competent learner model: Instructional progamming for teachers and learners. Education and Treatment of Children, 14(4), 349–360.
Vaidya, M. (1993). Conditional discriminations and derived relations: Pinpointing the moment of emergence. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of North Texas, Denton.
Vargas, E. A. (1985). Cultural contingencies [Review of Marvin Harris’s Cannibals and Kings]. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 43, 419–428.
Vargas, E. A., & Fraley, L. E. (1984). Teachers and students: Reflections on social control and future performance. The Behavior Analyst, 7, 131–137.
Watson, J. B. (1970). Behaviorism. New York: Norton. (Original work published 1924)
Wilk, L. A., & Redmon, W. K. (1990). A daily-adjusted goal-setting and feedback procedure for improving productivity in a university admissions department. In W. K. Redmon & A. M. Dickinson (Eds.), Promoting excellence through performance management (pp. 55–75). New York: Haworth Press.
Wittkopp, C. J., Rowan, J. F., & Poling, A. (1990). Use of a feedback package to reduce machine setup time in a manufacturing setting. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 11(2), 7–22.
Zeiler, M. D. (1992). On immediate function. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 57, 417–427.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
This manuscript is based on my 1992 presidential address at the 19th annual convention of the Association for Behavior Analysis in Chicago. I dedicate it to the memory of Donald L. Whaley, my teacher, whose profound understanding of human behavior provided a constant source of motivation for his students.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Glenn, S.S. Windows on the 21st Century. BEHAV ANALYST 16, 133–151 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03392619
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03392619