Skip to main content
Log in

Turbulent times: Outdoor education in Great Britain 1993–2003

  • Refereed Article
  • Published:
Journal of Outdoor and Environmental Education Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Outdoor education has a long and well documented history in Great Britain which is regularly linked to Hahn, Gordonstoun School, and the Outward Bound movement. A kayaking tragedy in 1993 resulted in the introduction of new legislation through Parliament. This has led to major changes in outdoor education in Great Britain and extensive debates, which are only partially documented. This paper outlines some of these changes and offers readers references that direct them to more detailed information. In addition, some of the resulting trends and debates that have emerged in the aftermath of the tragedy are provided. The paper concludes by considering some implications for outdoor education as a profession and argues that outdoor educators in Great Britain ought to consider the value of becoming a profession before striving to become one. Finally, some suggestions are made as to why these reflections on’ turbulent times’ might be relevant to the field of outdoor education in Australia and other countries.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Activity Centres (Young Persons’ Safety) Act (1995). Activity Centres (Young Persons’ Safety) Act 1995. Retrieved October 15, 2004, from http://www.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts1995/Ukpga_19950015_en_1.htm

    Google Scholar 

  • Allison, P., & Higgins, P. (2002). Ethical adventures: Can we justify what is done in the name of education? Australian Journal of Outdoor Education, 6(2), 22–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allison, P., & Pomeroy, E. (2000). How shall we ‘know?’: Epistemological concerns in research in experiential education. Journal of Experiential Education, 23(2), 91–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, J., & Greenaway, R. (2005). Why adventure? Coventry: Foundation for Outdoor Adventure.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beard, C., & Wilson, J. P. (2002). The power of experiential learning: A handbook for trainers and facilitators. London: Kogan Page.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brookes, A. (2003). A critique of neo-Hahnian outdoor education theory: Part one: Challenges to the concept of “character building.” Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 3(1), 49–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campaign for Adventure (2000a). Campaign for adventure: Risk and enterprise in society. Retrieved October 15, 2004, from http://www.campaignforadventure.org/index.htm

    Google Scholar 

  • Campaign for Adventure (2000b). Campaign for adventure: Risk and enterprise in society. Retrieved October 15, 2004, from http://www.campaignforadventure.org/agenda.htm

    Google Scholar 

  • Carr, D. (1999). Professional education and professional ethics. Journal of Applied Philosophy, 16, 33–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carr, D. (2003). Moral educational implications of rival conceptions of education and the role of the teacher. Journal of Moral Education, 32(3), 219–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Connexions (2002). Connexions annual report 2001–02. Retrieved October 15, 2004, from http://www.connexions.gov.uk/partnerships/documents//WordVersionofConnexionsAnnualReport200102.doc

    Google Scholar 

  • Connexions (n.d.). Connexions facts. Retrieved October 15, 2004, from http://www.connexions.gov.uk/partnerships/index.cfm?CategoryID=3

  • Cook, L. (1999). The 1944 education act and outdoor education: From policy to practice. History of Education, 28(2), 157–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Countryside and Rights of Way Act (2000a). Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000. Retrieved October 15, 2004. from http://www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts2000/20000037.htm

    Google Scholar 

  • Countryside and Rights of Way Act (2000b). Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000. Retrieved October 15, 2004. from http://www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts2000/00037—a.htm#2

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewey, J. (1938). Experience and education. New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewey, J. (1958). Experience and nature. New York: Dover.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eraut, M. (1994). Developing professional knowledge and competence. London: The Falmer Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Expedition Advisory Centre (2004). Joining an expedition. Retrieved October 25, 2004, from http://www.rgs.org/templ.php?page=5expejoi

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairbridge (2004). For our young people, realising your potential starts with realising you have it. Retrieved October 27, 2004, from http://www.fairbridge.org.uk/

    Google Scholar 

  • Furedi, F. (1997). Culture of fear. London: Cassell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenaway, R. (1998). In search of respectable adventure. Horizons, 14(4), 24–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hahn, K. (n.d.). Kurt Hahn writings. Retrieved October 15, 2004, from http://www.kurthahn.org/writings/writings.html

  • Heidegger, M. (1927/1962). Being and time (J. Macquarrie, J. & E. Robinson, Trans.). Oxford: Blackwell.

  • Higgins, P. (1997). Too many singers and not enough songs? Towards professionalism in outdoor education, Horizons: Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Leadership, 14(1) 17–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Higgins, P. (1998). The convergence debate. Horizons: Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Leadership, 15(1), 5–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Higgins, P. (2002). Outdoor education in Scotland. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 2(2), 149–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins, P., Loynes, C., & Crowther, N. (eds.) (1997). A guide for outdoor educators in Scotland. Perth: Scottish Natural Heritage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hovelynck, J., & Peeters, L. (2003). Laughter, smiles and grins: the role of humour in learning and facilitating. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 3(2), 171–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hume, D. (1978). A treatise of human nature. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, J. (1990). Ethical issues in experiential education. Boulder, CO: Association for Experiential Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • James, T. (1990). Kurt Hahn and the aims of education. Journal of Experiential Education, 13(1), 6–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Land Reform (Scotland) Act (2003). Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2003. Retrieved October 15, 2004, from http://www.scotland-legislation.hmso.gov.uk/legislation/scotland/acts2003/20030002.htm

    Google Scholar 

  • Loynes, C. (1996). Why I think the licensing scheme should be scrapped (Editorial), Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Leadership, 12 (4), 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loynes, C. (1998). Adventure in a bun. Journal of Experiential Education, 21(1), 35–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loynes, C. (2002). The generative paradigm. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 2(2), 113–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, S. (2004, August 13). Crime can take a hike. The Times Educational Supplement, p. 4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicol, R. (2001). Outdoor Education for Sustainable Living?: An investigation into the potential of Scottish local authority residential outdoor education centres to deliver programmes relating to sustainable living. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Edinburgh, Scotland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicol, R. (2002a). Outdoor education: Research topic or universal value? Part one. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 2(1), 29–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicol, R. (2002b). Outdoor education: Research topic or universal value? Part two. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 2(2), 85–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicol, R. (2003). Outdoor education: Research topic or universal value? Part three. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 3(1), 11–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Office for Standards in Education (2004). Outdoor education: Aspects of good practice (HMI 2151). Retrieved on October 15, 2004, from http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/publications/index.cfm?fuseaction=pubs.summary&id=3719.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peacock, P. (2004). New outdoor education centre at Oban. Retrieved October 15, 2004, from http://www. scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2004/10/08131557

    Google Scholar 

  • Priest, S. (1999). National life cycles in outdoor adventure programming. The Outdoor Network, 10(1), 16–17, 34–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ringer, T. M. (2000). The facile-itation of facilitation?: Searching for competencies in group-work leadership. Scisco Conscientia, 2(1), 1–19. Retrieved October 16, 2004, from http://pandora.nla.gov.au/nph-arch/2000/Z2000-Jun-15/http://members.xoom.com/experientia/V2N1.htm

    Google Scholar 

  • Rousseau, J-J.(1911/2000). Emile. London: Everyman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salisbury, A. (2004, September). Under the surface—Recent developments in outdoor education in the UK. Keynote address at the Eyes in the Outdoors Conference, Cappanlea Outdoor Education Centre, Eire.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weston Spirit (2004). A future for young people. Retrieved October 27, 2004, from http://www.westonspirit.org.uk/

    Google Scholar 

  • Wittgenstein, L. (1979). On certainty. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woolven, R. (2004). A study into the provision of sea kayaking opportunities for young people under 18, during the period 1992–2002. Un-published master’s thesis, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wurdinger, S. (1997). Philosophical issues in adventure education. Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pete Allison.

Additional information

Pete Allison PhD FRGS is lecturer and programme co-ordinator at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland. He is founder and was editor of the Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning. He also serves on the journal advisory committee for the Journal of Experiential Education, and as a reviewer for Leisure Studies and the Australian Journal of Outdoor Education.

John Telford is a part-time lecturer and PhD student at the University of Edinburgh. His interests are in the influences of outdoor education experiences on later life choices and environmental sustainability.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Allison, P., Telford, J. Turbulent times: Outdoor education in Great Britain 1993–2003. Journal of Outdoor and Environmental Education 9, 21–30 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03400818

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03400818

Navigation