Skip to main content
Log in

Goffman goes rock climbing: Using creative fiction to explore the presentation of self in outdoor education

  • Refereed Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Outdoor and Environmental Education Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Outdoor education literature has a recent history of examining its practice through a variety of sociological, philosophical, psychological, and anthropological lenses. Following this trend, this paper explores the face-to-face social interaction of a fictional introductory rock-climbing course. The analysis of this creative fiction draws on Erving Goffman’s dramaturgical framework, as described in his book The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1959). The discussion highlights how participants and instructors on a practical skill development weekend are involved in the complex endeavour of projecting and sustaining impressions for each other. Goffman’s concepts regarding the ways in which humans conceal and reveal information about themselves may offer outdoor education instructors and researchers a helpful perspective through which they can consider how individual participants’ actions are influenced by the perceived expectations of the different audiences they encounter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Allison, P. (2002). Values, narrative and authenticity: A study of youth expeditions in the 1990s. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Strathclyde.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, K. (1999). The wilderness expedition as a rite of passage: Meaning and process in experiential education. Journal of Experiential Education. 22(1), 35–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barone, T. (1997). Among the chosen: A collaborative educational (auto)biography. Qualitative Inquiry. 3(2), 222–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barone, T. (2000). Aesthetics, politics, and educational inquiry. New York: Peter Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beames, S. (2005). Expeditions and the social construction of the self. Australian Journal of Outdoor Education. 9(1), 14–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, B. (2003). The rites of passage and outdoor education: Critical concerns for effective programming. Journal of Experiential Education. 26(1), 41–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Birrell, S., & Donnelly, P. (2004). Reclaiming Goffman: Erving Goffman’s influence on the sociology of sport. In R. Giulianotti (Ed.), Sport and modern social theorists (pp. 49–64). Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Blumer, H. (1969). Symbolic interactionism: Perspective and method. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Casselman-Dickson, M., & Damhorst, M. (1993). Use of symbols for defining a role: Do clothes make the athlete? Sociology of Sport Journal, 10, 413–431.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coffey, A., & Atkinson, P. (1996). Making sense of qualitative data. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooley, C. (1964). Human nature and the social order. New York: Schocken.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donnelly, P. (2002). George Herbert Mead and an interpretive sociology of sport. In J. Maguire and K. Young (Eds.), Theory, sport & society (pp. 83–104). Oxford: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donnelly, P., & Young, K. (1999). Rock climbers and rugby players: Identity construction and confirmation. In J. Coakley & P. Donnelly (Eds.), Inside sports (pp. 67–76). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank, A. (1995). The wounded storyteller: Body, illness, and ethics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  • Goffman, E. (1953). Communication conduct in an island community. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. New York: Anchor Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goffman, E. (1967). Interaction ritual: Essays on face-to-face behavior. New York: Anchor Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gouldner, A. (1970). The coming crisis of western sociology. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, J. (1990). Philosophy of adventure education. In J. C. Miles & S. Priest (Eds.), Adventure education (pp. 119–128). State College, NC: Venture.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, A. (2001). ‘Dramaturgy’: An holistic approach to outdoor education. Australian Journal of Outdoor Education. 5(1), 34–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mead, G. (1934). Mind, self, and society: From the standpoint of a social behaviorist. London: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pike, E. (2004). Risk, pain and injury: ‘A natural thing in rowing’? In K. Young (Ed.) Sporting bodies, damaged Selves: Sociological studies of sport-related injury (pp. 151–162). Oxford: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pike, E., & Beames, S. (2007). A critical interactionist analysis of ‘youth development’ expeditions. Journal of Leisure Studies. 26(2), 147–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rinehart, R. (1998). Fictional methods of ethnography: Believability, specks of glass, and Chekhov. Qualitative Inquiry. 4(2), 200–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, V. (2004). Taking risks: Identity, masculinities and rock climbing. In B. Wheaton (Ed.), Understanding lifestyle sports: Consumption, identity and difference (pp. 113–130). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheff, T. (2006). Goffman unbound! A new paradigm for social science. Boulder: Paradigm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shott, S. (1979). Emotion and social life: A symbolic interactionist perspective. American Journal of Sociology, 84, 1317–1334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, G. (2006). Erving Goffman. London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, M. (1983). The role of products as social stimuli: A symbolic interactionist perspective. Journal of Consumer Culture, 10, 319–329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sparkes, A. (2002a). Fictional representations: On difference, choice, and risk. Sociology of Sport Journal, 19, 1–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sparkes, A. (2002b). Telling tales in sport and physical activity: A qualitative journey. Leeds: Human Kinetics.

  • Tierney, W. (1993). The cedar closet. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education. 6(4), 303–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Venable, S. (1997). Adolescent rites of passage: An experiential model. Journal of Experiential Education. 20(1), 6–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wurdinger, S. (1997). Philosophical issues in adventure education. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zink, R., & Burrows, L. (2006). Foucault on camp: What does his work offer outdoor education? Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning. 6(1), 39–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Simon K. Beames.

Additional information

Elizabeth Pike General Secretary of the International Sociology of Sport Association, and a member of the Editorial Board of the International Review for the Sociology of Sport.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Beames, S.K., Pike, E.C.J. Goffman goes rock climbing: Using creative fiction to explore the presentation of self in outdoor education. Journal of Outdoor and Environmental Education 12, 3–11 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03400865

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03400865

Navigation