Skip to main content

The viscosity of polymers and their concentrated solutions

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Fortschritte der Hochpolymeren-Forschung

Part of the book series: Advances in Polymer Science ((POLYMER,volume 5/3))

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Books and review articles

  1. Andrade, E. N. da C.: Viscosity and plasticity. New York: Chemical Publishing Co. 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Boyer, R. F.: The relation of transition temperatures to chemical structure in high polymers. Rubber Chem. Technol. 36, 1303 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Brush, S. G.: Theories of liquid viscosity. Chem. Rev. 62, 513 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Bueche, F.: Physical properties of polymers. New York: Interscience Publishers 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Doolittle, A. K.: The technology of solvents and plasticizers. New York: John Wiley & Sons 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Eyring, H., D. Henderson, B. J. Stover, and E. M. Eyring: Statistical mechanics and dynamics. New York: John Wiley & Sons 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Ferry, J. D.: Viscoelastic properties of polymers. New York: John Wiley & Sons 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Fowler, Sir Ralph, and E. A. Guggenheim: Statistical thermodynamics. Cambridge: University Press 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Fox, T. G, S. Gratch, and S. Loshaek: Viscosity relationships for polymers in bulk and concentrated solutions, p. 431. In: Rheology, ed. by F. R. Eirich, Vol. 1. New York: Academic Press 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Fujita, H.: Diffusion in polymer-diluent systems. Fortschr. Advan. Polymer Sci. 3, 106 (1961).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Gordon, M.: Thermal properties of high polymers, p. 2209. In: Physics of plastics, ed. by. P. D. Ritchie. London: Cliffe Books Ltd. 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Hermans, J. J.: In: Flow properties of disperse systems, ed. by. J. J. Hermans. New York: Interscience Publishers 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Kauzmann, W.: The nature of the glassy state and the behavior of liquids at low temperatures. Chem. Rev. 43, 219 (1948).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Kovacs, A.: Transition Vitreuse dans le Polymeres Amorphes. Etude Phenomenologique. Advan. Polymer Sci. 3, 394–507 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  15. Kurata, M., and W. H. Stockmayer: Intrinsic viscosities and unperturbed dimensions of long chain molecules. Advan. Polymer Sci. 3, 196 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Litovitz, T. A., and C. M. Davis: Structural and shear relaxation in liquids. In: Physical acoustics, ed. by W. P. Mason. Vol. 2, Part A. New York: Academic Press 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Peticolas, W. L.: Introduction to the molecular viscoelastic theory of polymers and its application. Rubber Chem. Technol. 36, 1422 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Porter, R. S., and J. F. Johnson: The entanglement concept in polymer systems. Chem. Rev. 66, 1 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Schnell, H.: Chemistry and physics of polycarbonates. New York: Interscience Publishers 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Tobolsky, A. V.: Properties and structures of polymers. New York: John Wiley & Sons 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Weyl, W. A.: The rheology of inorganic glasses. In: Rheology, ed. by F. R. Eirich, Vol. 3. New York: Academic Press 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Wood, L. A.: Physical chemistry of synthetic rubbers. In: Synthetic rubber, ed. by. G. S. Whitby. New York: John Wiley & Sons 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Adam, G., and J. H. Gibbs: On the temperature dependence of cooperative relaxation properties in glass-forming liquids. J. Chem. Phys. 43, 139 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Aggarwal, S. L., L. Marker, and M. J. Carrano: Melt viscosity of polyethylenes. J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 3, 77 (1960).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Allen, V. R., and T. G Fox: Structural factors affecting flow of macromolecular system. ASD-TR 61-22, II, 75 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  26. — —Viscosity-molecular weight dependence for short chain polystyrenes. J. Chem. Phys. 41, 337 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Andrews, R. D., and A. V. Tobolsky: Elastoviscous properties of polyisobutylene. IV. Relaxation time spectrum and calculation of bulk viscosity. J. Polymer Sci. 7, 221 (1951).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Altares, T., S.-P. Yen, and T. G Fox: To be published.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Barlow, A. J., J. Lamb, and A. J. Matheson: Viscous behavior of supercooled liquids. Proc. Royal Soc. (London) A292, 322 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  30. Barnes, W. J., and F. P. Price: Intrinsic and bulk viscosities of some poly(ethylene oxide) polymers. J. Polymer Sci. 50, S25 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  31. Barry, A.: Viscometric investigation of dimethylsiloxane polymers. J. Appl. Phys. 17, 1020 (1946).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Batzer, H.: Ãœber physikalische Eigenschaften linearer Polyester. Makromol. Chem. 10, 13 (1953).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. —Über lineare Polyester. Makromol. Chem. 5, 5 (1950).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Baumann, G. F., and S. Steingiser: Rheological measurements on polycarbonate. J. Polymer Sci. 1A, 3395 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  35. Bauwens, J. C., and G. A. Homès: Sur la Viscosité des Hauts Polymeres. Compt. Rend. 255, 3409 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. DiBeneditto, A. T.: Molecular properties of amorphous high polymers. I. A cell theory for amorphous high polymers. J. Polymer Sci. 1A 3459 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  37. Berge, J. W., P. R. Saunders, and J. D. Ferry: Mechanical properties of poly-n-octyl methacrylate at low frequencies and in creep; entanglements in methacrylate polymers. J. Colloid Sci. 14, 135 (1959).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Berry, G. C., V. C. Long, and L. M. Hobbs: Solution and bulk properties of branched poly(vinyl acetates). Part III. Intrinsic viscosity and light scattering measurements. Polymer 5, 31 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. —The viscosity of polymer-diluent mixtures. J. Phys. Chem. 70, 1194 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. —Thermodynamic and conformational properties of polystyrene. I. Light scattering studies on dilute solutions of linear polystyrenes. J. Chem. Phys. 44, 4550 (1966).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. —, H. Nomura, and K. G. Mayhan: Dilute solution studies on a polycarbonate in good and poor solvents. J. Polymer Sci. A2, 5, 1 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  42. Berry, G. C.: The molecular weight and temperature dependence of some dilute-solution properties of linear polymers. J. Polymer Sci. 4B, 161 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. —Selected properties of branched polymers. Trans. Soc. Rheology 9, 455 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  44. Bondi, A.: Packing density of polymer melts near the glass transition temperature. J. Polymer Sci. 2A, 3159 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  45. Boon, J., G. Challa, and P. H. Hermans: Study of molten isotactic polystyrene. I. The relationship between melt viscosity and average molecular weight. Makromol. Chem. 74, 129 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Brodnyan, J. G., R. H. Shoulberg, and E. L. Kelley: The correlation of the non-newtonian flow of polymeric melts with the theories of Bueche. SPE Trans., 277 (Oct.) 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Braun, G., and A. J. Kovacs: Glass transition in powdered polystyrene. Phys. Chem. Glasses 4, 152 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Bueche, F.: Viscosity, self diffusion and allied effects in solid polymers. J. Chem. Phys. 20, 1959 (1952).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. —Bulk viscosity of the system polystyrene-diethyl benzene. J. Appl. Phys. 24, 423 (1953).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. —Viscosity of polymethylmethacrylate. J. Appl. Phys. 26, 738 (1955).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. —Derivation of the WLF equation for the mobility of molecules in molten glasses. J. Chem. Phys. 24, 418 (1956).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. —Viscosity of polymers in concentrated solution. J. Chem. Phys. 25, 599 (1956).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. —A derivation of Moore’s equation relating melt and intrinsic viscosities. J. Polymer Sci. 41, 551 (1959).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. —The viscosity of molten branched polymers and their concentrated solutions. J. Chem. Phys. 40, 484 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. —Mobility of molecules in liquids near the glass temperature. J. Chem. Phys. 30, 748 (1959).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. —Rate and pressure effects in polymers and other glass-forming substances. J. Chem. Phys. 36, 2940 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. —Melt viscosity of polymers: Effect of polydispersity. J. Polymer Sci. 43, 527 (1960).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. —, G. J. Coven, and B. J. Kinzig: Entanglement effects in concentrated polymer solutions from viscosity measurements. J. Chem. Phys. 39, 128 (1963).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. —, and F. N. Kelley: Shear viscosity-molecular weight relationships for polymers. J. Polymer Sci. 45, 267 (1960).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Busse, W. F., and R. Longworth: Effect of molecular weight distribution and branching on the viscosity of polyethylene melts. J. Polymer Sci. 58, 49 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Calsiff, E., and A. V. Tobolsky: Stress-relaxation of polyisobutylene in the transition region. J. Colloid Sci. 10, 375 (1955).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Chiang, R.: Intrinsic viscosity-molecular weight relationships for fractions of linear polyethylene. J. Phys. Chem. 69, 1645 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  63. Chikahisa, Y.: A theory of the relationship between viscosity and molecular weight in bulk polymer. J. Phys. Soc. (Japan) 19, (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  64. Child, W. C., and J. D. Ferry: Dynamic mechanical properties of poly(n-butyl methacrylate). J. Colloid Sci. 12, 327 (1957).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. — —Dynamic mechanical properties of poly(n-hexylmethacrylate). J. Colloid Sci. 12, 389 (1957).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Chung, H. S.: On the Macedo-Litovitz hybrid equation for liquid viscosity. J. Chem. Phys. 44, 1362 (1966).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Ciferri, A. Conformational energy of chain molecules. Part I. Tension-temperature coefficient for polydimethyl siloxane networks. Trans. Farad. Soc. 57, 846 (1961).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. —On the tension-temperature coefficient of natural rubber. Makromol. Chem. 43, 152 (1961).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. — C. A. J. Hoeve, and P. J. Flory: Stress temperature coefficients of polymer networks and the conformational energy of polymer chains. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 83, 1015 (1961).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Cleland, R. L.: A light scattering study of olefin polybutadiene. J. Polymer Sci. 27, 349 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  71. Crescenzi, V., and P. J. Flory: Configuration of the poly(dimethyl siloxane) chain. II. Unperturbed dimensions and specific solvent effects. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 86, 141 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Crouch, R. F., and A. Cameron: Viscosity-temperature equations for lubricants. J. Inst. Petrol. 47, 307 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Cohen, M. H., and D. Turnbull: Molecular transport in liquids and glasses. J. Chem. Phys. 31, 1164 (1959).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Cornet, C. F.: The determination of unperturbed dimensions of polymer molecules by viscometry of moderately concentrated solutions. Polymer 6, 373 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Davies, R. O., and G. O. Jones: The irreversible approach to equilibrium in glasses. Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A 217, 26 (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  76. Debye, P.: The intrinsic viscoisty of polymer solutions. J. Chem. Phys. 14, 636 (1946).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Dienes, G. J.: Activation energy for viscous flow and short-range order. J. Appl. Phys. 24, 779 (1953).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Doolittle, A. K.: Studies in Newtonian flow. II. The dependence of the viscosity of liquids on free-space. J. Appl. Phys. 22, 1471 (1951).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. —Studies in Newtonian flow. III. The dependence of the viscosity of liquids on molecular weight and free space (in homologous series). J. Appl. Phys. 23, 236 (1952).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. —Studies in Newtonian flow. IV. Viscosity of molecular weight in liquids; viscosity versus concentration in polymer solutions. J. Appl. Phys. 23, 418 (1952).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. —, and D. B. Doolittle: Studies in Newtonian flow. V. Further verification of the free-space viscosity equation. J. Appl. Phys. 28, 901 (1957).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Dreval, V. C., A. A. Tager, and A. S. Fominor: Concentrated solutions of polymers. Part IV. Viscosity of polystyrene in various solvents. Vysokomolekul. Soedin. 5, 1404 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Ewell, R. H.: The reaction rate theory of viscosity and some of its applications. J. Appl. Phys. 9, 252 (1938).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Eyring, H. T. Rhee, and N. Hirai: The viscosity of high polymers. The random walk of a group of connected segments. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 44, 1213 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Faucher, J. A., J. J. Stratta, and R. W. Callard: Bulk viscosity of molten carbowaxes. Private communication.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Ferguson, J., B. Wright, and R. N. Haward: Flow properties of polyethylene whole-polymers and fractions. J. Appl. Chem. 14, 53 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Ferry, J. D., W. C. Child, R. Zand, D. M. Stern, M. L. Williams, and R. F. Landel: Dynamic mechanical properties of poly(ethyl methacrylate). J. Colloid Sci. 12, 53 (1957).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Ferry, J. D., E. L. Foster, G. V. Browning, and W. M. Sawyer: Viscosities of concentrated polyvinyl acetate solutions in various solvents (Part I of a series). J. Coll. Sci. 6, 377 (1951).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. —, L. D. Grandine, and E. R. Fitzgerald: The relaxation distribution function of polyisobutylene in the transit ion from rubber-like to glass-like behavior. J. Appl. Phys. 24, 911 (1953).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. —, and D. G. Udy: Viscosities of concentrated polymer solutions. III. Polystyrene and styrene-maleic acid copolymer. J. Coll. Sci. 8, 529 (1953).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. —, and R. F. Landel: Molecular friction coefficients in polymers and their temperature dependence. Kolloid Z. 148, 1 (1965).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. —, L. D. Grandine, and D. C. Udy: Viscosities of concentrated polymer solutions. III. Polystyrene and styrene-maleic acid copolymer. J. Coll. Sci. 8, 529 (1953).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. —, and G. S. Parks: Viscous properties of polyisobutylene. Physics 5, 356 (1935).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. —, and R. A. Stratton: The free volume interpretation of the dependence of viscosities and viscoelastic relaxation times on concentration, pressure, and tensile strain. Kolloid Z. 171, 107 (1960).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Fetters, L. J.: Determination of the intermolecular entanglement coupling spacings in polyisoprene by viscosity measurements. J. Res. Natl. Bur. Std. 69A, 33 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  96. Flory, P. J.: Viscosities of polyesters. An exact relationship between viscosity and chain length. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 62, 1057 (1940).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Fox, T. G: Influence of diluent and of copolymer composition on the glass temperature of a polymer system. Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. I (3), 123 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  98. —, B. S. Garrett, W. E. Goode, S. Gratch, and J. F. Kincaid: Crystalline polymers of methyl methacrylate. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 80, 1768 (1950).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. —, and P. J. Flory: The glass temperature and related properties of polystyrene. Influence of molecular weight. J. Polymer Sci. 14, 315 (1954).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. — —Second-order transition temperatures and related properties of polystyrene. I. Influence of molecular weight. J. Appl. Phys. 21, 501 (1950).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. —Properties of dilute polymer solutions. Polymer 3, 111 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. —, and V. R. Allen: Dependence of the zero-shear melt viscosity and the related friction coefficient and critical chain length on measurable characteristics of chain polymers. J. Chem. Phys. 41, 344 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. —, and P. J. Flory: Viscosity molecular weight and viscosity-temperature relations for polystyrene and polyisobutylene. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 70, 2384 (1948).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. — —Further studies on the melt viscosity of polyisobutylene. J. Phys. Colloid Chem. 55, 221 (1951).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. — —Second-order transition temperatures and related properties of polystyrene. I. Influence of molecular weight. J. Appl. Phys. 21, 581 (1950).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. —, and S. Loshaek: Influence of molecular weight and degree of crosslinking on the specific volume and glass temperature of polymers. J. Polymer Sci. 15, 371 (1955).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. — —Isothermal viscosity-molecular weight dependence for long chains. J. Appl. Phys. 26, 1080 (1955).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Freeman, J., and P. P. Manning: Molecular weight of poly(vinyl chloride). J. Polymer Sci. Part A 2, 2107 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  109. Fujita, H., and A. Kishimoto: Diffusion-controlled stress relaxation in polymers. II. Stress relaxation in swollen polymers. J. Polymer Sci. 28, 547 (1958).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. — —Interpretation of viscosity data for concentrated polymer solutions. J. Chem. Phys. 34, 393 (1961).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Fujita, H., and E. Maekawa: Viscosity behavior of the system polymethyl acrylate and diethyl phthalate over the complete range of composition. J. Phys. Chem. 66, 1053 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  112. Fulcher, G.: Analysis on recent measurements of the viscosity of glasses. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 8, 339 (1925).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Garfield, L. J., S. E. Petrie, and D. W. Vanas: The rheology of poly(neopentyl succinate). Trans. Soc. Rheology 6, 131 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Gibbs, J. H., and E. D. DiMarzio: Nature of the glass transition and the glassy state. J. Chem. Phys. 28, 373 (1958).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Gordon, M., and J. S. Taylor: Ideal copolymers and the second order transition of synthetic rubbers. I. Non-crystalline Copolymers. J. Appl. Chem. 2, 493 (1952).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Greet, R. J., and D. Turnbull: Test of Adam-Gibbs liquid viscosity model with o-terphenyl specific heat data. J. Chem. Phys. 47, 2185 (1967).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Gruver, J. T., and G. Kraus: Rheological properties of polybutadiene prepared by n-butyllithium initiation. J. Polymer Sci. 2A, 797 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  118. Gutmann, F., and L. M. Simmons: The temperature dependence of the viscosity of liquids. J. Appl. Phys. 23, 977 (1952).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Ham, J. S.: Viscoelastic theory of branched and crosslinked polymers. J. Chem. Phys. 26, 625 (1957).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Havlik, A. J., and J. Moacanin: Bulk and solution properties of polyoxypropylene glycols. Res. Summary No. 36-10, Vol. I, p. 92, Jet Propulsion Lab., Pasadena, Calif., Sept. 1 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  121. Hayashi, S.: Theory of viscoelasticity in temporarily crosslinked polymers. III. J. Phys. Soc. (Japan) 19, 101 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Hayes, R. A.: The relationship between glass temperature, molar cohesion and polymer structure. Polymer Preprints ACS 1, No. 2, 86 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  123. Heckler, S. E., T. E. Newlin, D. M. Stern, R. A. Stratton, J. R. Witt, and J. D. Ferry: Viscosities of concentrated polymer solution V. Two polyelectrolytes. J. Coll. Sci. 15, 294 (1960).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Henry, Patric M.: Fractionation of polyethylene. J. Polymer Sci. 36, 3 (1959).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Hirai, N.: The viscosities of concentrated polymer solutions. I. Moderately concentrated solutions. J. Polymer Sci. 39, 435 (1959).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. —The viscosities of concentrated polymer solutions. II. Extremely concentrated solutions. J. Polymer Sci. 40, 255 (1959).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. —Liquid viscosity near glass transition temperature. Rpt. Surface Sci. 2, 51 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Hunter, M. J., E. L. Warrick, J. F. Hude, and C. C. Currie: Organosilicon polymers. II. The open chain dimethylsiloxanes with trimethylsiloxy end groups. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 68, 2284 (1946).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Johnson, M. F., W. W. Evans, I. Jordan, and J. D. Ferry: Viscosities of concentrated solutions. II. Polyisobutylene. J. Coll. Sci. 7, 498 (1952).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Kanig, G.: Zur Theorie der Glastemperatur von Polymerhomologen, Copolymeren und weichgemachten Polymeren. Kolloid-Z. 190, 1 (1963).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Kataoka, T., and S. Ueda: Viscosity molecular weight relationship for polydimethylsiloxane. J. Polymer Sci. 4B, 317 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  132. Kelley, F. N., and F. Bueche: Viscosity and glass temperature relations for polymer-diluent systems. J. Polymer Sci. 50, 549 (1961).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Kirste, R., and G. V. Schulz: Über die Temperatur und die Molekulargewichtsabhängigkeit des 2. osmotischen Virialkoefficienten von Poly(methylmethacrylatlösungen. Z. Physik. Chem. (Frankfurt) 27, 301 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  134. Kishimoto, A.: Diffusion and viscosity of polyvinyl acetate-diluent systems. J. Polymer Sci. 2A, 1421 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  135. Kramers, H. A.: The behavior of macromolecules in inhomogeneous flow. J. Chem. Phys. 14, 415 (1946).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Kratochvíl, P., M. Bohdanecký, K. Šole, M. Kolínský, M. Ryska, and D. Lím: On the structure and solution properties of radically polymerized poly(vinyl chloride). International Symposium on Macromolecular Chemistry Preprints, VI-69 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  137. Kraus, Gerard, and J. T. Gruver: Rheological properties of multichain polybutadienes. J. Polymer Sci. 3A, 105 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  138. Krigbaum, W. R., and P. J. Flory: Statistical mechanics of dilute polymer solutions. IV. Variation of the osmotic second coefficient with molecular weight. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 75, 1775 (1953).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Kurata, M., and M. Fukatsu: Unperturbed dimension and translational friction constant of branched polymers. J. Chem. Phys. 41, 2434 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  140. Landel, R. F., J. W. Berge, and J. D. Ferry: Viscosities of concentrated polymer solutions. IV. Cellulose tributyrate. J. Coll. Sci. 12, 400 (1957).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Liquori, A. M., G. Anzuino, V. M. Coiro, M. D’Alagni, P. de Santi, and M. Savino: Complementary stereospecific interaction between isotactic and syndiotactic polymer molecules. Nature 206, 358 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Long, V. C., G. C. Berry, and L. M. Hobbs: Solution and bulk properties of branched poly(vinyl acetates). IV. Melt viscosity. Polymer 5, 517 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Macedo, P., and T. A. Litovitz: Ultrasonic viscous relaxation in molten boron trioxide. Phys. Chem. Glasses 6, 69 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. McLoughlin, J. R., and A. V. Tobolsky: The viscoelastic behavior of poly(methyl methacrylate). J. Colloid Sci. 7, 555 (1952).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Magill, J. H.: Crystallization of poly(tetramethyl-p-silphenylene siloxane) polymers. J. Appl. Phys. 35, 3249 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. — Physical properties of aromatic hydrocarbons. III. A test of the Adam-Gibbs relaxation model. J. Chem. Phys., in press.

    Google Scholar 

  147. —, S. S. Pollack, and D. P. Wyman: Glass temperature and crystal modification of linear polymethylene. J. Polymer Sci. 3A, 3781 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  148. Mark, J. E., and P. J. Flory: Configuration of the poly(dimethyl siloxane) chain. I. The temperature coefficient of the unperturbed extension. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 86, 138 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. — —The configuration of the polyoxyethylene chain. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 87, 1415 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Markovitz, H., T. G Fox, and J. D. Ferry: Calculations of entaglement coupling spacings in linear polymers. J. Phys. Chem. 66, 1567 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Marshall, D. I.: Effect of branching on the temperature coefficient of viscosity of ethylene polymers. Abstr. ACS Meeting, Sept. 1956, 18S.

    Google Scholar 

  152. Matsumoto, M., and Y. Ohyanagi: Solution properties in Ï‘-solvents on polyvinyl acetate obtained at different polymerization temperatures. J. Polymer Sci. 50, S1 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  153. — —Viscosity-molecular weight relationship for polyvinyl acetate. J. Polymer Sci. 46, 441 (1960).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Mercier, J. P., J. J. Aklonis, M. Litt, and A. V. Tobolsky: Viscoelastic behavior of the polycarbonate of bisphenol A. J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 9, 447 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Merker, R. L., and M. J. Scott: Random and block copolymers of poly(tetramethyl-p-silphenylene-siloxane) and polydimethylsiloxane. J. Polymer Sci. 2A, 31 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  156. Miller, A. A.: The reference point for liquid relaxation processes. II. Melt viscosity of polyisobutene. J. Polymer Sci. 1A, 1865 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  157. —Free volume and viscosity of liquids: Effects of temperature. J. Phys. Chem. 67, 1031 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. —Free volumes and viscosities of benzene and carbon tetrachloride. J. Phys. Chem. 67, 2809 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. —The reference point for liquid relaxation processes. I. Melt viscosity of polystyrene. J. Polymer Sci. 1A, 1857 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  160. Moore, L. D.: Relations among melt viscosity, solution viscosity, molecular weight, and long-chain branching in polyethylene. J. Polymer Sci. 36, 155 (1959).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Naghizadeh, Jamshid: Diffusion and glass transition in simple liquids. J. Appl. Phys. 35, 1162 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Nakajima, N., G. A. Tirpak, and M. Shida: Branching and flow activation energy of conventional high pressure process polyethylene. J. Polymer Sci. 3B, 1089 (1965).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  163. Nakayasu, H., and T. G Fox: Molecular weight-temperature-concentration relationship for the viscosity of poly(vinyl acetate) and its diethyl phthalate solutions. Abstr. 137th ACS, p. 11-I, Cleveland, Ohio (Apr. 1960).

    Google Scholar 

  164. Nakatsuka, R.: The viscometric properties of polyesters. II. Viscosities in the range of low temperature near the glass transition point. Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 37, 403 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Ninomiya, K., and J. D. Ferry: Viscoelastic properties of polyvinyl acetate. I. Creep studies of fractions. J. Phys. Chem. 67, 2292 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. — —, and Y. Ōyanagi: Viscoelastic properties of polyvinyl acetate. II. Creep studies of blends. J. Phys. Chem. 67, 2297 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. —, J. R. Richards, and J. D. Frery: Viscoelastic properties of concentrated solutions of polyisobutene in cetane. II. Creep and viscous flow. J. Phys. Chem. 67, 327 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Nishimura, Norio: Viscosities of concentrated poymer solutions. J. Polymer Sci. 3A, 237 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  169. O’Reilly, J. M., and W. R. Haaf: Rheological properties of polycarbonate solutions and melts. Rheology Bull. 34, No. 3, 6 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  170. Onogi, S., T. Kobayashi, and Y. Kozima: Non-Newtonian flow of concentrated solutions of high polymers. J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 7, 847 (1963).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Onogi, D., T. Masuda, and N. Miyanaga: Relationship between molecular weight and concentration determining the viscosity of concentrated polymer solutions. International Symposium on Macromolecular Chemistry Preprints, p. VIII-223 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  172. Orofino, T. A., and A. Ciferri: Temperature dependence of the unperturbed dimensions of polystyrene. J. Phys. Chem. 68, 3136 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Parks, G. S., L. E. Barton, M. E. Spaght, and J. W. Richardson: The Viscosity of undercooled liquid glucose. Physics 5, 193 (1934).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Peticolas, W. L.: Viscoelastic properties of branched whole polymers. II. Regularities in the solution viscosity, melt viscosity and molecular weight. J. Polymer Sci. 58, 1405 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. —, and E. Menefee: Molecular-weight dependence of the viscoelastic properties of whole polymers. J. Chem. Phys. 35, 951 (1961).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. —, and J. M. Watkins: The molecular structure of polyethylene. VII. Melt viscosity and the effect of molecular weight and branching. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79, 5083 (1957).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Pezzin, G., and G. B. Gechele: Capillary viscometry of molten polycaprolactam. J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 8, 2195 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. —, and N. Gligo: Viscosity of concentrated polymer solutions. II. Poly(vinyl chloride) in cyclohexanone. J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 10, 1 (1966).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. —Viscosity of concentrated polymer Solutions. II. Application of a free-volume treatment to polymer solutions. J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 10, 21 (1966).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Plazek, D. J.: Temperature dependence of the viscoelastic behavior of polystyrene. J. Phys. Chem. 69, 3480 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. — Unpublished data.

    Google Scholar 

  182. —, W. Dannhauser, and J. D. Ferry: Viscoelastic dispersion of polydimethyl siloxane in the rubberlike plateau zone. J. Coll. Sci. 16, 101 (1961).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. —, and J. H. Magill: Physical properties of aromatic hydrocarbons. I. Viscous and viscoelastic behavior of 1,3,5-Tri-α-naphthyl benzene. J. Chem. Phys. 45, 3038 (1966).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. —, and V. M. O’Rourke: Molecular weight dependence of the viscoelastic behavior of polystyrene. To be published.

    Google Scholar 

  185. Poller, D., A. M. Kotliar, and R. L. Kruse: Low shear viscosity of polypropylene melts. J. Polymer Sci. 1B, 381 (1963).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  186. Pollock, D. J., L. J. Elyash, and T. W. DeWitt: A molecular weight-intrinsic viscosity study of several diene polymers. J. Polymer Sci. 15, 335 (1955).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  187. Porter, R. S., and J. F. Johnson: Viscosity of polyethylenes: Dependence on molecular weight and temperature. J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 3, 194 (1960).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. — —Correlations for non-Newtonian flow viscosity-shear studies of entanglement in linear polymers. Trans. Soc. Rheology 6, 107 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Prigogine, I., and R. DeFay: Thermodynamique chimique. Liège: Editions Desoer 1950.

    Google Scholar 

  190. Pyun, C. W., and M. Fixman: Intrinsic viscosity of polymer chains. J. Chem. Phys. 42, 3838 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Richards, J. R., K. Ninomiya, and J. D. Ferry: Viscoelastic properties of concentrated solutions of polyisobutene in cetane. I. Dynamic measurements. J. Phys. Chem. 67, 323 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Rogers, S. S., and L. Mandelkern: Glass formation in polymers. I. The glass transition of the poly(n-alkyl methacrylate). J. Phys. Chem. 61, 985 (1957).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Roseveare, W. E., R. E. Powell, and H. Eyring: The structure and dynamics of liquid. J. Appl. Phys. 12, 669 (1941).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Rost, V.: Das Viskositäts-Temperature-Verhalten von Flüssigkeiten. Kolloid-Z. 142, 132 (1955).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Rouse, P. E., jr.: A theory of the linear viscoelastic properties of dilute solutions of coiling polymers. J. Chem. Phys. 21, 1272 (1953).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Rudd, J. F.: The effect of molecular weight distribution on the rheological properties of polystyrene. J. Polymer Sci. 44, 459 (1960).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. — Low shear melt viscosity on polystyrene. J. Polymer Sci. 60, S7 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  198. Schiessler, R. W., and F. C. Whitmore: Properties of high molecular weight hydrocarbons. Ind. Eng. Chem. 47, 1660 (1955).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Schreiber, H. P., and E. B. Bagley: The Newtonian melt viscosity of polyethylene: An index on long-chain branching. J. Polymer Sci. 58, 29 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. — —, and D. V. West: Viscosity-molecular weight relation in bulk polymers. Part 1. Polymer 4, 355 (1963).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Schaefgen, J. R., and P. J. Flory: Synthesis of multichain polymers and investigation of their viscosities. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 70, 2709 (1948).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Schultz, A. R., W. B. Shultz, and T. G. Fox: Unpublished data.

    Google Scholar 

  203. Simha, R., and R. F. Boyer: On a general relation involving the glass temperature and coefficients of expansion of polymers. J. Chem. Phys. 37, 1003 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Sloane, R. G., and C. Winning: Viscosity-temperature relationship of lubricating oil. Ind. Eng. Chem. 23, 673 (1931).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Spencer, R. S., and R. G. Dillon: The viscous flow of molten polystyrene. J. Colloid Sci. 4, 241 (1949).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Srinivasan, M. K.: On a relation between viscosity and density of liquids and liquid mixtures. Phil. Mag. 32, 253 (1941).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Stacy, C. J., and R. L. Arnett: Intrinsic viscosity of linear polyethylene in a Θ-solvent. J. Phys. Chem. 69, 3109 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  208. Stern, D. M., J. W. Berge, S. F. Kurath, C. Sakoonkim, and J. D. Ferry: Dynamic mechanical properties of concentrated solutions of poly-(methyl methacrylate) in diethyl phthalate. J. Colloid Sci. 17, 409 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Szwarc, M.: Termination of anionic polymerization. Advanc. Polymer Sci. 2, 275 (1960).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Tammann, G., and N. Hesse: Die Abhängigkeit der Viscosität von der Temperatur bei unterkühlten Flüssigkeiten. Z. anorg. Chem. 156, 245 (1926).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  211. Teramoto, A., and H. Fujita: Temperature and molecular weight dependence of the melt viscosity of polyethylene oxide in bulk. Makro. Chemie 85, 261 (1965).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  212. —, R. Okada, and H. Fujita: Viscosity of poly(alkyl methacrylate) plasticized with diethyl phthalate. Poly-(n-butyl methacrylate). J. Phys. Chem. 67, 1228 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Tirpak, G. A.: Position of ethyl branches in conventional polyethylene made by the free radical process. J. Polymer Sci. 3B, 371 (1965).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  214. Tobolsky, A. V., J. J. Aklonis, and G. Akovali: Viscoelastic properties of monodisperse polystyrenes. J. Chem. Phys. 42, 723 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. —, and K. Murakami; Existence of a sharply defined maximum relaxation time for monodisperse polystyrene. J. Polymer Sci. 40, 443 (1959).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. —, and R. B. Taylor: Viscoelastic properties of a simple organic glass. J. Phys. Chem. 67, 2439 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Tung, L. H.: Molecular weight-intrinsic viscosity relationship and molecular weight distribution of low pressure polyethylenes. J. Polymer Sci. 24, 333 (1957).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. —Melt viscosity of polyethylene at zero shear. J. Polymer Sci. 46, 409 (1960).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. —Comparison of polyethylene molecular weights determined by light scattering in 1 chloronaphthalene and tetralin. J. Polymer Sci. 2A, 4875 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  220. Turnbull, D., and M. H. Cohen: Free-volume model of the amorphous phase: Glass transition. J. Chem. Phys. 34, 120 (1961).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Utracki, L., and R. Simha: Corresponding states relations for the viscosity of moderately concentrated polymer solutions. J. Polymer Sci. A1, 1089 (1963); references cited.

    Google Scholar 

  222. Vogel, H.: Das Temperaturabhängigkeitsgesetz auf die Viscosität von Flüssigkeiten. Z. Physik 22, 645 (1921).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Wagner, H. L., and P. J. Flory: Molecular dimensions of natural rubber and Gutta percha. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 74, 195 (1952).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Warrick, E. L., W. A. Piccoli, and F. O. Stark: Melt viscosities of dimethyl polysiloxanes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77, 5017 (1955).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Weil, L. L.: The viscosity of branched polyesters and the effect of cyclizazation on gel points. Thesis, Columbia University New York 1945.

    Google Scholar 

  226. Weil, L. L., W. H. Stockmayer, and C. O. Beckmann: Melt viscosities of branched polyesters. ACS Absts. 109th Meeting, 38P, 1946.

    Google Scholar 

  227. Wenger, F., and S.-P. Yen: Synthesis of branched polymers. Polystyrene trifunctional star molecules. Polymer Preprints, A.C.S. 3, 162 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Williams, M. L.: The temperature dependence of mechanical and electrical relaxation in polymers. J. Phys. Chem. 59, 95 (1955).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. —Free volume approach to polystyrene melt viscosity. J. Appl. Phys. 29, 1395 (1958).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. —, and J. D. Ferry: Dynamic mechanical properties of poly(methyl acrylate.) J. Colloid Sci. 10, 474 (1955).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. —, R. F. Landel, and J. D. Ferry: The temperature dependence of relaxation mechanisms in amorphous polymers and other glass-forming liquids. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77, 3701 (1955).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Wittman, J. C., et A. J. Kovacs: Influence de la Stereoregularite des Chaines sur les Transitions du Poly(methacrylate de methyle). J. Polymer Sci., Part C, 16, XX (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  233. Wunderlich, W., and R. G. Kirste: Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung an isolakteschen und syndiotaktischen Polymethylmethacrylate in Lösung. Ber. Bunsenges. 68, 646 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Yen, S.-P.: To be published.

    Google Scholar 

  235. —, W. H. Janes, and T. G. Fox: To be published.

    Google Scholar 

  236. Yin, T. P., S. E. Lovell, and J. D. Ferry: Viscoelastic properties of poly(ethylene oxide) in the rubber-like state. J. Phys. Chem. 65, 534 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Zapas, L. J., S. L. Shufler, and T. W. DeWitt: A comparison of the dynamic properties of natural rubber and GR-S. J. Polymer Sci. 18, 245 (1955).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Zimm, B. H., and R. W. Kilb: Dynamics of branched polymer molecules in dilute solution. J. Polymer Sci. 37, 19 (1959).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. —, and W. H. Stockmayer: The dimensions of chain molecules containing branches and rings. J. Chem. Phys 17, 1301 (1949).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1968 Springer-Verlag

About this paper

Cite this paper

Berry, G.C., Fox, T. (1968). The viscosity of polymers and their concentrated solutions. In: Fortschritte der Hochpolymeren-Forschung. Advances in Polymer Science, vol 5/3. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0050985

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0050985

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-04032-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-35769-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics