Abstract
The optical properties (refractive index and coefficient of absorption) of matter become spatially modulated in the interference region of two intensive light waves. The resulting grating patterns have been observed in liquids and solids by diffraction (“forced light scattering”) of a probing beam or by self-diffraction. Thereby the spatial amplitude of the optical constants is measured with interferometric sensitivity. Permanent gratings by been investigated extensively for holographic applications. This paper emphazises transient gratings, methods for measurement of fast grating decay times, and excitation mechanisms. Thermal gratings, corresponding to a spatially periodic temperature distribution, have been applied for temperature diffusivity measurements and excitation of different types of sound waves. In semiconductors gratings have been produced corresponding to a spatial modulation of the free carrier or exciton density.
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References
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Holographic gratings in LiNbO3 and similar materials are also produced by a spatial modulation of optically excited free carriers. The decay of these gratings is given by the dielectric relaxation time τe=∈∈0/σ where ε is the relative dielectric constant and σ the conductivity. The time τe and not the ambipolar diffusion time τD is used because a space density is set up by a photovoltaic effect (D. von der Linde, A. M. Glass, Appl. Phys. 8, 85 (1975)).
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The fact that I0, I1>exp (−2 Δαd) is possible seems surprising but is known as „anomalous transmission” from the dynamical theory of electron diffraction and as „Borrmann effect” in x-ray diffraction (W. W. Albrecht, H. Niedrig, J. Appl. Phys. 39, 3166 (1968)).
The formulas in Fig. 9 and the condition for Bragg diffraction in Fig. 3 are valid stictly only for static gratings. For dynamic gratings with time dependent Δα and Δn the corresponding expressions may differ considerably (V. G. Sidorovitch, D. I. Stasielko, Sov. Phys. Techn. Phys. 19, 361 (1974); R. Magnusson, T. Gaylord, J. Appl. Phys. 47, 190 (1975)). This may be important especially in self-diffraction experiments where the light inducing the grating is simultaneously diffracted.
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© 1978 Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn Verlagsgesellschaft mbH
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Eichler, H.J. (1978). Forced light scattering at laser-induced gratings—A method for investigation of optically excited solids. In: Treusch, J. (eds) Festkörperprobleme 18. Advances in Solid State Physics, vol 18. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0107784
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0107784
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