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Cancellation of cellular responses to nanoelectroporation by reversing the stimulus polarity

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Abstract

Nanoelectroporation of biomembranes is an effect of high-voltage, nanosecond-duration electric pulses (nsEP). It occurs both in the plasma membrane and inside the cell, and nanoporated membranes are distinguished by ion-selective and potential-sensitive permeability. Here we report a novel phenomenon of bioeffects cancellation that puts nsEP cardinally apart from the conventional electroporation and electrostimulation by milli- and microsecond pulses. We compared the effects of 60- and 300-ns monopolar, nearly rectangular nsEP on intracellular Ca2+ mobilization and cell survival with those of bipolar 60 + 60 and 300 + 300 ns pulses. For diverse endpoints, exposure conditions, pulse numbers (1–60), and amplitudes (15–60 kV/cm), the addition of the second phase cancelled the effects of the first phase. The overall effect of bipolar pulses was profoundly reduced, despite delivering twofold more energy. Cancellation also took place when two phases were separated into two independent nsEP of opposite polarities; it gradually tapered out as the interval between two nsEP increased, but was still present even at a 10-µs interval. The phenomenon of cancellation is unique for nsEP and has not been predicted by the equivalent circuit, transport lattice, and molecular dynamics models of electroporation. The existing paradigms of membrane permeabilization by nsEP will need to be modified. Here we discuss the possible involvement of the assisted membrane discharge, two-step oxidation of membrane phospholipids, and reverse transmembrane ion transport mechanisms. Cancellation impacts nsEP applications in cancer therapy, electrostimulation, and biotechnology, and provides new insights into effects of more complex waveforms, including pulsed electromagnetic emissions.

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Abbreviations

CICR:

Calcium-induced calcium release

CPA:

Cyclopiazonic acid

ER:

Endoplasmic reticulum

NsEP:

Nanosecond electric pulse

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by funds from the Air Force Surgeon General’s Office, Medical Research Program (to B.L.I.) AFOSR LRIR 13RH08COR (to B.L.I.), and by a National Institutes of Health grant R01GM088303 (to A.G.P.).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, 4211 Monarch Way, Suite 300, Norfolk, VA, 23508, USA

    Andrei G. Pakhomov, Iurii Semenov, Shu Xiao, Olga N. Pakhomova, Betsy Gregory & Karl H. Schoenbach

  2. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23508, USA

    Shu Xiao, Karl H. Schoenbach & Sambasiva R. Rajulapati

  3. General Dynamics Information Technology, Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, 78234, USA

    Jody C. Ullery

  4. Bioeffects Division, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, 78234, USA

    Hope T. Beier & Bennett L. Ibey

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  1. Andrei G. Pakhomov
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  2. Iurii Semenov
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  3. Shu Xiao
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  4. Olga N. Pakhomova
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Correspondence to Andrei G. Pakhomov.

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Pakhomov, A.G., Semenov, I., Xiao, S. et al. Cancellation of cellular responses to nanoelectroporation by reversing the stimulus polarity. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 71, 4431–4441 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-014-1626-z

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