Abstract
In this work, we are interested in the differential geometry of surfaces in simply isotropic \({\mathbb {I}}^3\) and pseudo-isotropic \({\mathbb {I}}_{\mathrm {p}}^3\) spaces, which consists of the study of \({\mathbb {R}}^3\) equipped with a degenerate metric such as \(\mathrm {d}s^2=\mathrm {d}x^2\pm \mathrm {d}y^2\). The investigation is based on previous results in the simply isotropic space (Pavković in Glas Mat Ser III 15:149–152, 1980; Rad JAZU 450:129–137, 1990), which point to the possibility of introducing an isotropic Gauss map taking values on a unit sphere of parabolic type and of defining a shape operator from it, whose determinant and trace give the known relative Gaussian and mean curvatures, respectively. Based on the isotropic Gauss map, a new notion of connection is also introduced, the relative connection (r-connection, for short). We show that the new curvature tensor in both \({\mathbb {I}}^3\) and \({\mathbb {I}}_{\mathrm {p}}^3\) does not vanish identically and is directly related to the relative Gaussian curvature. We also compute the Gauss and Codazzi–Mainardi equations for the r-connection and show that r-geodesics on spheres of parabolic type are obtained via intersections with planes passing through their center (focus). Finally, we show that admissible pseudo-isotropic surfaces are timelike and that their shape operator may fail to be diagonalizable, in analogy to Lorentzian geometry. We also prove that the only totally umbilical surfaces in \({\mathbb {I}}_{\mathrm {p}}^3\) are planes and spheres of parabolic type and that, in contrast to the r-connection, the curvature tensor associated with the isotropic Levi-Civita connection vanishes identically for any pseudo-isotropic surface, as also happens in simply isotropic space.
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Notes
The index z is here to emphasize that z is the isotropic (degenerate) direction.
Observe that the center P is not uniquely defined since any other point Q with the same top view as P, i.e., \({\tilde{Q}}={\tilde{P}}\), is also a center.
Indeed, if \((x^*,y^*,z^*)\in \varPi _{a,b}\cap S\), then from \(-ax^*-bx^*=p/2-[(x^*)^2+(y^*)^2]/2p\) we find \((x^*-ap)^2+(y^*-bp)^2=p^2(1+a^2+b^2)\).
Indeed, if \((x^*,y^*,z^*)\in \varPi _{a,b}\cap S\), then from \(-ax^*+bx^*=p/2-[(x^*)^2-(y^*)^2]/2p\) we find \((x^*-ap)^2-(y^*-bp)^2=p^2(1+a^2-b^2)\).
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Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank M. E. Aydin (Firat University) for useful discussions and the Departamento de Matemática, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (Recife, Brazil), where this research initiated when da Silva was a temporary lecturer.
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da Silva, L.C.B. The geometry of Gauss map and shape operator in simply isotropic and pseudo-isotropic spaces. J. Geom. 110, 31 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00022-019-0488-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00022-019-0488-9