Abstract
In this paper, a new design approach of approximately linear phase infinite impulse response (IIR) low pass digital differentiator (LPDD) is proposed and studied. The proposed design is based on a transfer function that has a numerator with anti-symmetric coefficients. To better control the magnitude response of the designed LPDD, the differential evolution (DE) optimization algorithm is used to find the coefficients of the transfer function that meets an appropriate pass band and stop band edge frequencies. The use of appropriate pass band and stop band edge frequencies gives the designer of the LPDD direct control on the width of the transition band. The designed LPDD using the proposed approach has approximately linear phase and much better magnitude response than that of the IIR LPDDs designed using other techniques reported in literature. In addition, the designed LPDD using the proposed approach has steeper roll-off magnitude response and narrower transition band than that of designed IIR and high order FIR LPDDs available in the literature.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
J. Ababneh, T. Aldalgamouni, A. Alqudah, Minimum bit error rate multiuser detection of SDMA-OFDM system using differential evolutionary algorithm, In Proceedings of the 6th IEEE International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications. Niagara Falls, Canada, Oct. (2010)
A. Aggarwal, M. Kumar, T. Rawat, Design of digital differentiator using the L1-method and swarm intelligence-based optimization algorithms. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 44(3), 1917–1931 (2018)
A. Aggarwal, T.K. Rawat, M. Kumar, D.K. Upadhyay, Efficient design of digital FIR differentiator using L1-method. Radio Eng. 25(2), 86–92 (2016)
A. Aggarwal, T.K. Rawat, D.K. Upadhyay, Optimal design of L1-norm based IIR digital differentiators and integrators using the bat algorithm. IET Signal Proc. 11(1), 26–35 (2016)
M.A. Al-Alaoui, Linear phase low-pass IIR digital differentiators. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 55(2), 697–706 (2007)
M.A. Al-Alaoui, Class of digital integrators and differentiators. IET Signal Proc. 5(2), 251–260 (2011)
M. A. Al-Alaoui, M. Baydoun, Novel wideband digital differentiators and integrators using different optimization techniques, In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Signals, Circuits and Systems (ISSCS), Iasi, Romania July (2013) pp. 1–4
Z. Albataineh, J. Ababneh, F. Salem, Linear phase FIR low pass filter design using hybrid-differential evolution. Int. J. Res. Wirel. Syst. 1(2), 43–49 (2012)
T.A.A. Ali, Z. Xiao, J. Sun, S. Mirjalili, V. Havyarimana, H. Jiang, Optimal design of IIR wideband digital differentiators and integrators using salp swarm algorithm. Knowl.-Based Syst. 182, 104834 (2019)
L. Grossmann, Y. Eldar, An L1-method for the design of linear-phase FIR digital filters. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 55(11), 5253–5266 (2007)
M. Gupta, M. Jain, B. Kumar, Novel class of stable wideband recursive digital integrators and differentiators. IET Signal Proc. 4(5), 560–566 (2010)
M. Gupta, B. Relan, R. Yadav, V. Aggarwal, Wideband digital integrators and differentiators designed using particle swarm optimisation. IET Signal Proc. 8(6), 668–679 (2014)
Z. He, Y. Sun, Design of low-pass digital differentiators based on B-splines. Signal Processing: An International Journal. 8(3), 30–42 (2014)
E.C. Ifeachor, B.W. Jervis, Digital Signal Processing (Prentice-Hall, New Jersy, 2002).
M. Jain, M. Gupta, N. Jain, Linear phase second order recursive digital integrators and differentiators. Radio Eng. 21(2), 712–717 (2012)
J.F. Kaiser, Digital filters, in System analysis by digital filters. ed. by F. Kuo, J.F. Kaiser (Wiley, NewYork, 1966)
D. Karaboǧa, S. Ökdem, A simple and global optimization algorithm for engineering problems: differential evolution algorithm. Turk. J. Elec. Eng. 12(1), 53–60 (2004)
A. Krubowski, I. Kale, Almost linear –phase poly phase IIR low pass /high pass filter approach. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Signal Processing Applications (ISSPA), Brisbane, Australia, Aug. (1999) pp. 969–972
M. Kumar, T.K. Rawat, Optimal design of FIR fractional order differentiator using cuckoo search algorithm. Expert Syst. Appl. 42(7), 3433–3449 (2015)
B. Kumar, S.C.D. Roy, H. Shah, On the design of FIR digital differentiators which are maximally linear at the frequency pi/p, p in {positive integers}. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 40(9), 2334–2338 (1992)
B. Kumar, S.C.D. Roy, Coefficients of maximally linear FIR digital differentiators for low frequencies. Electron. Lett. 24(9), 563–565 (1988)
B. Kumar, S.C.D. Roy, Design of digital differentiators for low frequencies. Proc. IEEE. 76(3), 287–289 (1988)
A. Kurosu, S. Miyase, S. Tomiyama, T. Takebe, A technique to truncate IIR filter impulse response and its application to real time implementation of linear–phase IIR filters. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 51(5), 1284–1292 (2003)
L. Li, L. Xie, W.Y. Yan, Y.C. Soh, Design of low order linear phase IIR filters via orthogonal projection. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 47(2), 448–457 (1999)
J.S. Lim, Two Dimensional Signal and Image Processing (Prentice-Hall, New Jersy, 1990).
S.J. Maeng, B.G. Lee, A design of linear phase IIR Nyquist filters. IEEE Trans. Sel. Areas Commun. 13(1), 167–175 (1995)
S. Mahata, S.K. Saha, R. Kar, D. Mandal, Optimal design of wideband digital integrators and differentiators using harmony search algorithm. Int. J. Numer. Model. Electron. Netw. Devices Fields 30(5), 1–20 (2016)
S. Mahata, S.K. Saha, R. Kar, D. Mandal, Optimal design of wideband digital integrators and differentiators using hybrid flower pollination algorithm. Soft. Comput. 22(11), 3757–3783 (2017)
MATLAB is a registered trademark of MathWorks, Inc. https://www.mathworks.com.
R. Mikhael, P. Agathoblis, C. Xiao, Design of linear phase recursive filters by optimization of model reduced non recursive filters. In Proceedings of the PACRIM, Victoria, B.C., Canada, Aug. (2003) pp. 94–97.
S. Mirjalili, S.M. Mirjalili, A. Lewis, Grey Wolf Optimizer. Adv. Eng. Softw. 69, 46–61 (2014)
C. Nayak, S.K. Saha, R. Kar, D. Mandal, Optimal SSA-based wideband digital differentiator design for cardiac QRS complex detection application. Int. J. Numer. Modell.: Electron. Netw. Devices Fields (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/jnm.2524
C. Nayak, S.K. Saha, R. Kar, D. Mandal, An Efficient QRS Complex Detection Using Optimally Designed Digital Differentiator. Circuits Syst. Signal Process. 38, 716–749 (2019)
N.Q. Ngo, A new approach for the design of wideband digital integrator and differentiator. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst., II Exp. Briefs 53(9), 936–940 (2006)
R.C. Nongpiur, D.J. Shpak, A. Antoniou, Design of IIR digital differentiators using constrained optimization. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 62(7), 1729–1739 (2014)
J. Pan, W.J. Tompkins, A real-time QRS detection algorithm. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 32, 230–236 (1985)
S.R. Powell, P.M. Chau, A technique for realizing linear phase IIR filters. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 19(11), 2425–2435 (1991)
E. Rashedi, H. Nezamabadi-pour, S. Saryazdi, GSA a gravitational search algorithm. Inf. sci. 179(13), 2232–2248 (2009)
I. Selesnick, Maximally flat lowpass digital differentiators. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II. 49(3), 219–223 (2002)
Y. Shi, R. Eberhart, Parameter selection in particle swarm optimization. In Proceedings of the Evolutionary Programming VII (EP98), March (1998), pp. 591–600
M.L. Skolnik, Introduction to Radar Systems (McGraw-Hill, NewYork, 1980).
V. Sreeram, P. Agathoblis, Design of a linear phase IIR filters via impulse-response Gramians. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 40(2), 389–394 (1992)
R. Storn, K. Price, Differential evolution-A simple and efficient heuristic for global Optimization over continuous spaces. J. Global Optim. 11, 341–359 (1997)
R. Storn, Differential evolution design of an IIR-filter. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation, Nayoya, Japan, May (1996) pp. 268–273
A. Tahmasbi, S. B. Shokouhi, New Optimised IIR Low-Pass Differentiators. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Signal Acquisition and Processing, Bangalore, India, Feb. (2010) pp. 205–209
C.C. Tseng, Stable IIR differentiator design using iterative quadratic programming approach. Signal Process. 80(5), 857–866 (2000)
D.K. Upadhyay, R.K. Singh, Recursive wideband digital differentiator and integrator. Electron. Lett. 47(11), 647–648 (2011)
D.K. Upadhyay, Class of recursive wideband digital differentiators and integrators. Radio Eng. 21(3), 904–910 (2012)
D.K. Upadhyay, Recursive wideband digital differentiators. Electron. Lett. 46(25), 1661–1662 (2010)
S. Usui, I. Amidror, Digital low-pass differentiation for biological signal processing. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 29, 686–693 (1982)
A. Wolfram, O. Moseler, Design and Application of Digital FIR Differentiators Using Modulating Functions. IFAC Proc. Volumes. 33(15), 1037–1042 (2000)
C. Xiao, J. C. Olivier, P. Agathoklis, Design of linear phase IIR filters via weighted least-squares approximations. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, Signal Processing (ICASSP), Salt Lake City, UT, May (2001) pp. 3817–3820.
X. S. Yang, S. Deb, Cuckoo search via Lévy flights. In Proceedings of the World Congress on Nature and Biologically Inspired Computing (NaBIC), Dec. (2009), pp. 210–214
Funding
No funding was received.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Jehad Ababneh and Majid Khodier declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Availability of Data and Material
The submitted work has no associated data or material.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ababneh, J., Khodier, M. Design of Approximately Linear Phase Low Pass IIR Digital Differentiator using Differential Evolution Optimization Algorithm. Circuits Syst Signal Process 40, 5054–5076 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00034-021-01710-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00034-021-01710-z