Skip to main content
Log in

Timber-concrete-composites increasing the use of timber in construction

  • Original
  • Published:
European Journal of Wood and Wood Products Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Timber-concrete-composite (TCC) systems have increasingly been used in recent decades. One of the main reasons for this development is related to applications that could not be built with timber alone, but that become possible with a TCC solution. This paper first gives a short overview of the use of TCCs, the relevant regulatory framework, and then presents several case studies of TCC applications. The perspectives and examples are from Europe, North America and Oceania to give a worldwide perspective from regions where TCC systems are being used. The structural systems presented in the case studies include bridges and floors in public buildings. For each project, details of the application are presented and the way each one contributed to extend the use of timber in construction.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bathon L, Bletz-Mühldorfer O, Schmidt J, Diehl F (2014) Fatigue design of adhesive connections using perforated steel plates. In: Proceedings 13th World Conference on Timber Engineering 2014, Quebec

  • Brunner M, Romer M, Schnüriger M (2007) Timber-concrete-composite with an adhesive connector (wet on wet process). Mater Struct 40:119–126

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calil JC (2006) Handbook for the design and construction of timber bridges. In: Proceedings 9th Conference on Timber Engineering, Portland, USA

  • Ceccotti A (1995) Timber-concrete composite structures. In: Blass H (ed) Timber engineering—step 2 Centrum Hout, vol 2. Centrum Hout, The Netherlands, pp 1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Ceccotti A (2002) Composite concrete-timber structures. Prog Struct Eng Mater 4:264–275

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CEN (2004) EN 1995-1-1: Eurocode 5: design of timber structures—part 1-1: general—common rules and rules for buildings. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels

    Google Scholar 

  • Crews K, John S, Gerber C, Buchanan A, Smith T, Pampanin S (2010) Innovative engineered timber building systems for non-residential applications, utilising timber concrete composite flooring capable of spanning up to 8–10 m. Forest and Wood Products Australia Report PNA012-0708. ISBN: 978-1-920883-99-7, Forest and Wood Products Australia Limited, Melbourne, Australia

  • Dias AMPG (2012) Analysis of the nonlinear behavior of timber-concrete connections. ASCE J Struct Eng 138(9):1128–1137

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dias AMPG, Cruz HMP, Lopes SMR, van de Kuilen JW (2010) Stiffness of dowel-type fasteners in timber-concrete joints. Proc Inst Civ Eng Struct Build 163:257–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dias AMPG, Ferreira MCP, Jorge LFC, Martins HMG (2011) Timber-concrete practical applications - bridge case study. Proc Inst Civ Eng Struct Build 164(2):130–140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dias AMPG, Martins ARD, Simões LMC, Providência PM, Andrade AAM (2015) Statistical analysis of timber-concrete connections—mechanical properties. Comput Struct 155:67–84

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Falk B (2009) Wood as a sustainable building material. For Prod J 59(9):6–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Fragiacomo M, Ceccotti A (2006) Long-term behavior of timber-concrete composite beams. I: finite element modeling and validation. J Struct Eng 132:13–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gagnon S, Pirvu C (eds) (2011) CLT handbook: cross-laminated timber. FPInnovations, Quebeq, Canada

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerber A, Tannert T (2015) Timber-concrete composites using flat-plate engineered wood products. In: ASCE Structures Congress, April 23–25, Portland, USA

  • Gerber C, Crews K, Shrestha R (2012) Design Guide Australia and New Zealand timber concrete composite floor systems. Structural Timber Innovation Company, Christchurch

    Google Scholar 

  • Hehl S, Tannert T, Meena R, Vallee T (2014) Experimental and numerical investigations on groove connections for novel timber-concrete-composite system. J Perform Constr Facil 28:A4014010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karacabeyli E, Lum C (2014) Technical guide for the design and construction of Tall Wood Buildings in Canada. Special Publication (SP-55E), Pointe-Claire, Québec, FPInnovations, Canada

  • Meena R, Schollmayer M, Tannert T (2014) Experimental and numerical investigations on the fire-resistance of a novel timber-concrete-composite deck. J Perform Constr Facil 28:A4014009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Möhler K (1956) Über das Tragverhalten von Biegeträgern und Druckstäben mit zusammengesetzten Querschnitten und nachgiebigen Verbindungsmitteln (Structural behavior of beams and compression elements with composite cross section and flexible connectors), habilitation, Technische Universität Karlsruhe, Germany (in German)

    Google Scholar 

  • NBCC (2010) National Building Code of Canada, Canadian commission on building and fire codes. National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa

  • Negrão J, Maia de Oliveira F, Leitão de Oliveira C, Cachim P (2010) Glued composite timber-concrete beams. II: analysis and tests of beam Specimens. ASCE J Struct Eng 136:1246–1254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • NTC (2002) Timber bridges. Nordic Timber Council, Sweden

    Google Scholar 

  • Petersen AK, Solberg B (2002) Greenhouse gas emissions, life-cycle inventory and cost-efficiency of using laminated wood instead of steel construction. Case: beams at Gardermoen airport. Environ Sci Policy 5(2):7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigues JNA, Dias AMPG, Providência PMP (2013) Timber-concrete composite bridges: state-of-the-art review. BioResources 8(4):6630–6649

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • RTA (2008) Timber concrete composite bridges. In: AUSTRÁLIA, RATAON (eds) Timber bridge manual, vol 1. Roads and Traffic Authority of NSW, Austrália, p 25

  • Schaenzlin J (2003) Zum Langzeitverhalten von Brettstapel-Beton-Verbunddecken. (Time-dependent behaviour of composite structures of board stacks and concrete) (In German) PhD thesis, Universität Stuttgart, Germany

  • SCI (2009) P354: design of floors for vibration: a new approach. The Steel Construction Institute, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith I, Frangi A (2014) Use of timber in tall multi-storey buildings. ISBN 978-3-85748-133-8, SED 13; IABSE, Zurich, Switzerland

  • Tommola J, Salokangas L, Jutila A (1999) Wood-concrete composite bridges—test on shear connectors. Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, p 19

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Linden M (1999) Timber concrete composite floors. PhD. Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeoh D, Fragiacomo M, De Franceschi M, Heng Boon K (2011) State of the art on timber—concrete composite structures: literature review. ASCE J Struct Eng 137:1085–1095

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The support of this project by COST Action FP 1004 is gratefully acknowledged.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. Dias.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Dias, A., Skinner, J., Crews, K. et al. Timber-concrete-composites increasing the use of timber in construction. Eur. J. Wood Prod. 74, 443–451 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-015-0975-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-015-0975-0

Keywords

Navigation