Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Gambling involvement and problem gambling correlates among European adolescents: results from the European Network for Addictive Behavior study

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

Worldwide, concern has grown over the expansion of gambling among adolescents, who have an increased likelihood of developing risk-taking behaviors. This study aimed to increase knowledge of problem gambling among adolescents in seven European countries and to assess the effect of demographic and lifestyle factors recorded in the European Network for Addictive Behavior survey (https://www.eunetadb.eu).

Methods

A cross-sectional school-based study (n = 13,284) was conducted in Germany, Greece, Iceland, The Netherlands, Poland, Romania and Spain. Anonymous self-completed questionnaires included socio-demographic data, internet usage characteristics, school achievement, parental control, the Internet Addiction Test, the South Oaks Gambling Screen-Revised for Adolescents Test and Achenbach’s Youth Self-Report.

Results

12.5% of the participants reported last year gambling activities either online or offline. 3.6% of the study participants and 28.1% of gamblers (either online or offline) were at risk or had a gambling problem. The study results showed that a higher proportion of adolescents was either at risk or had a gambling problem among males, in the older age group, when the parental educational level was lower/middle, and in the absence of siblings. Furthermore, being at risk or having a gambling problem was associated with lower age at first use of the internet, lower school grades, using the internet 6–7 days per week, and problematic internet use. At risk or problem gamblers had higher scores on all scales of problem behavior and lower scores (lower competence) on activities and academic performance.

Conclusions

Our findings underline the need for better gambling legislation and suggest the importance of developing social responsibility tools that may help diminish adolescent gambling involvement, with special attention to males.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Derevensky JL, Gupta R, Winters K (2003) Prevalence rates of youth gambling problems: are the current rates inflated? J Gambl Stud 19:405–425

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Potenza MN (2013) Neurobiology of gambling behaviors. Curr Opin Neurobiol 23:660–667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2013.03.004

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Floros GD (2018) Gambling disorder in adolescents: prevalence, new developments, and treatment challenges. Adolesc Health Med Ther. 9:43–51. https://doi.org/10.2147/AHMT.S135423

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Derevensky JL (2012) Teen gambling: understanding a growing epidemic. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Lanham

    Google Scholar 

  5. Delfabbro P, King DL, Derevensky JL (2016) Adolescent gambling and problem gambling: prevalence, current issues, and concerns. Curr Addict Rep 3:268–274

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Pallanti S, Bernardi S, Quercioli L (2006) The shorter PROMIS questionnaire and the internet addiction scale in the assessment of multiple addictions in a high-school population: prevalence and related disability. CNS Spectr 11:966–974

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Forrest D, McHale IG (2012) Gambling and problem gambling among young adolescents in Great Britain. J Gambl Stud 28:607–622. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-011-9277-6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Yau YH, Pilver CE, Steinberg MA, Rugle LJ, Hoff RA, Krishnan-Sarin S, Potenza MN (2014) Relationships between problematic internet use and problem-gambling severity: findings from a high-school survey. Addict Behav 39(1):13–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.09.003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Dowling N, Merkouris S, Greenwood C, Oldenhof E, Toumbourou J, Youssef G (2017) Early risk and protective factors for problem gambling: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Clin Psychol Rev 51:109–124

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Castrén S, Grainger M, Lahti T, Alho H, Salonen AH (2015) At-risk and problem gambling among adolescents: a convenience sample of first-year junior high school students in Finland. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 8(10):9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-015-0003-8(PMID: 25879923)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Gainsbury S, Wood R, Russell A, Hing N, Blaszczynski A (2012) A digital revolution: comparison of demographic profiles, attitudes and gambling behavior of internet and non-internet gamblers. Comput Human Behav 28:1388–1398

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Hayer T, Griffiths MD (2014) The prevention and treatment of problem gambling in adolescence. In: Gullotta TP, Adams G (eds) Handbook of adolescent behavioural problems: evidence-based approaches to prevention and treatment, vol 2. Springer, New York, pp 467–486

  13. Molde H, Pallesen S, Bartone P, Hystad S, Johnsen B (2009) Prevalence and correlates of gambling among 16 to 19-year-old adolescents in Norway. Scand J Psychol 50(1):55–64

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Moodie C, Finnigan F (2006) Prevalence and correlates of youth gambling in Scotland. Addict Res Theory 14(4):365–385

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Calado F, Alexandre J, Griffiths MD (2017) Prevalence of adolescent problem gambling: a systematic review of recent research. J Gambl Stud 33(2):397–424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-016-9627-5(Review PMID:27372832)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Grant JE, Potenza MN, Weinstein A, Gorelick DA (2010) Introduction to behavioral addictions. Am J Drug Alc Ab 36(5):233–241. https://doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2010.491884

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Kingma SF (2008) The liberalization and (re)regulation of Dutch gambling markets: National consequences of the changing European context. Regul Govern 2:445–458. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5991.2008.00045.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edn. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC

    Book  Google Scholar 

  19. Potenza MN, Wareham JD, Steinberg MA, Rugle L, Cavallo DA, Krishnan-Sarin S, Desai RA (2011) Correlates of at-risk/problem internet gambling in adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 50(2):150.e3–159.e3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Rahman AS, Pilver CE, Desai RA, Steinberg MA, Rugle L, Krishnan-Sarin S, Potenza MNJ (2012) The relationship between age of gambling onset and adolescent problematic gambling severity. Psychiatr Res 46(5):675–683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.02.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Kristiansen SG, Jensen SM (2014) Prevalence and correlates of problematic gambling among Danish adolescents. Int J Soc Welf 23:89–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsw.12021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Blinn-Pike L, Worthy SL, Jonkman JN (2010) Review Adolescent gambling: a review of an emerging field of research. J Adolesc Health 47:223–236

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Volberg RA, Gupta R, Griffiths MD, Ólason DT, Delfabbro P (2010) An international perspective on youth gambling prevalence studies. Int J Adolesc Med Health 22:3–38

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Molinaro S, Canale N, Vieno A, Lenzi M, Siciliano V, Gori M et al (2014) Country and individual-level determinants of probable problematic gambling in adolescence: a multi-level cross-national comparison. Addiction 109:2089–2097. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12719

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Hodgins DC, Stea JN, Grant JE (2011) Gambling disorders. Lancet 378(9806):1874–1884

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Hanss D, Mentzoni RA, Blaszczynski A, Molde H, Torsheim T, Pallesen S (2014) Prevalence and correlates of problem gambling in a representative sample of Norwegian 17-year-olds. J Gambl Stud. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-014-9455-4

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Canale N, Vieno A, Lenzi M, Griffiths MD, Borraccino A, Lazzeri G, Lemma P, Scacchi L, Santinello M (2017) Income inequality and adolescent gambling severity: findings from a large-scale Italian representative survey. Front Psychol 3(8):1318. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01318

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Griffiths M, Parke A, Wood R, Parke J (2006) Internet gambling: An overview of psychosocial impacts. UNLV Gaming Res Rev J 10(1):27–39

    Google Scholar 

  29. Skokauskas N, Satkeviciute R (2007) Adolescent pathological gambling in Kaunas Lithuania Nord. J Psychiatry 61:86–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039480701226054

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Griffiths MD, Wood RTA (2007) Adolescent Internet gambling: Preliminary results of a national survey. Educ Health 25:23–27

    Google Scholar 

  31. Luder MT, Berchtold A, Akre C, Michaud PA, Suris JC (2010) Do youths gamble? You bet! A Swiss population-based study. Swiss Med Week 140:1–6

    Google Scholar 

  32. Bastiani L, Gori M, Colasante E, Siciliano V, Capitanucci D, Jarre P, Molinaro S (2011) Complex factors and behaviours in the gambling population of Italy. J Gambl Stud 29:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-011-9283-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Lupu V, Todirita IR (2013) Updates of the prevalence of problem gambling in Romanian teenagers. J Gambl Stud 29:29–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-012-9296-y

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Míguez MC, Becoña E (2015) Do cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption associate with ayercannabis use and problem gambling among Spanish adolescents? El consumo de cigarrillos y alcohol se relaciona con el consumo de cánnabis y el juego problema en adolescentes españoles? Adicciones 27:8–16. https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Griffiths MD, Parke J (2010) Adolescent gambling on the internet: a review. Int J Adolesc Med Health 22:59–75

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Wong IL, So EM (2014) Internet gambling among high school students in Hong Kong. J Gambl Stud 30(3):565–576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-013-9413-6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Griffiths M (2003) Internet gambling: Issues, concerns and recommendations. Cyberpsychol Behav 6:557–568

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Wood RT, Griffiths MD, Parke J (2007) Acquisition, development, and maintenance of online poker playing in a student sample. Cyberpsychol Behav 10(3):354–361

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Gainsbury SM (2015) Online gambling addiction: the relationship between Internet gambling and disordered gambling. Curr Addict Rep 2(2):185–193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-015-0057-8

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Jimenez-Murcia S, Stinchfield R, Fernandez-Aranda F, Santamaria JJ, Penelo E, Granero R, Menchon JM (2011) Are online pathological gamblers different from non-online pathological gamblers on demographics, gambling problem severity, psychopathology and personality characteristics? Int Gambl Stud 11:325–337. https://doi.org/10.1080/14459795.2011.628333

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Wardle H, Moody A, Griffiths M, Orford J, Volberg R (2011) Defining the online gambler and patterns of behaviour integration: evidence from the British Gambling Prevalence Survey 2010. Int Gambl Stud 11:339–356. https://doi.org/10.1080/14459795.2011.628684

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Bakken IJ, Götestam KG, Gråwe RW, Wenzel HG, Øren A (2009) Gambling behavior and gambling problems in Norway 2007. Scand J Psychol 50:333–339. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00713

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Griffiths M, Wardle H, Orford J, Sproston K, Erens B (2009) Sociodemographic correlates of internet gambling: findings from the 2007 Βritish gambling prevalence survey. Cyberpsychol Behav 12:199–202. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2008.0196

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Kairouz S, Paradis C, Nadeau L (2012) Are online gamblers more at risk than offline gamblers? Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 15:175–180. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2011.0260

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Wood RT, Williams RJ (2011) A comparative profile of the Internet gambler: demographic characteristics, game-play patterns, and problem gambling status. Newmed Soc. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444810397650

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Recupero PR (2008) Forensic evaluation of problematic: internet use. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 36(4):505–514

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Sun DL, Chen ZJ, Ma N, Zhang XC, Fu XM (2009) Decision-making and prepotent response inhibition functions in excessive internet users. CNS Spectr 14(2):75–81

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Mitchell KJ, Wells M (2007) Problematic internet experiences: primary or secondary presenting problems in persons seeking mental health care? Soc Sci Med 65(6):1136–1141

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Liu TC, Desai RA, Krishnan-Sarin S, Cavallo DA, Potenza MN (2011) Problematic Internet use and health in adolescents: data from a high school survey in Connecticut. J Clin Psychiatry 72(6):836–845. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.10m06057

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Surıs JC, Akre C, Petzold A, Berchtold A, Simon O (2011) La problématique des jeux d’argent chez les adolescents du Canton de Neucha tel (Raisons de sante, 192) Institut universitaire de médecine sociale et préventive Lausanne

  51. Tsitsika A, Critselis E, Janikian M, Kormas G, Kafetzis DA (2011) Association between internet gambling and problematic internet use among adolescents. J Gambl Stud 27(3):389–400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-010-9223-z

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Critselis E, Janikian M, Paleomilitou N, Oikonomou D, Kassinopoulos M, Kormas G, Tsitsika A (2013) Internet gambling is a predictive factor of Internet addictive behavior. J Behav Addict 2:224–230. https://doi.org/10.1556/JBA.2.2013.4.5

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Tozzi L, Akre C, Fleury-Schubert A, Suris J-C (2013) Gambling among youths in Switzerland and its association with other addictive behaviours A population-based study. Swiss Med Week 143:w13768. https://doi.org/10.4414/smw.2013.13768

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Floros G, Paradisioti A, Hadjimarcou M, Mappouras DG, Karkanioti O, Siomos K (2015) Adolescent online gambling in Cyprus: Associated school performance and psychopathology. J Gambl Stud 31:367–384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-013-9424-3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Lehmann S, Akre C, Berchtold A, Flatz A, Suris JC (2016) The winner takes it all? Characteristics of adolescent at-risk/problem gamblers in Switzerland. Int J Adolesc Med Health. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2015-0100

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Dowling NA, Brown M (2010) Commonalities in the psychological factors associated with problem gambling and internet dependence. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 13:437–441. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2009.0317

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Fong TW, Reid RC, Parhami I (2012) Behavioral addictions: where to draw the lines? Psychiatr Clin N Am 35:279–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2012.03.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Derevensky J, Gupta R (2007) Internet gambling amongst adolescents: a growing concern. Int J Ment Health Addict 5:93–101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Ladouceur R, Ferland F, Poulin C, Vitaro F, Wiebe J (2005) Concordance between the SOGS-RA and the DSM-IV criteria for pathological gambling among youth. Psychol Addict Behav 19(3):271–276

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Wong ILK (2010) Internet gambling: a school-based survey among Macau students. Soc Behav Pers 38:265–372

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Meyer G, Hayer T, Griffiths M (eds) Problem gambling in Europe. Challenges, prevention, and intervention. Springer, New York

  62. Tsitsika A, Janikian M, Tzavela E, Schoenmakers T M, Ólafsson K et al (2012) Internet use and internet addictive behaviour among European adolescents: a cross-sectional study. National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (N.K.U.A.). Athens; EU NET ADB 2012. https://youth-health.gr/media/2016/03/eu-net-adb-quantitative-report-d6-2-r-june-2013_2.pdf

  63. Tsitsika A, Janikian M, Schoenmakers TM, Tzavela EC, Olafsson K, Wójcik S, Macarie GF, Tzavara C, Richardson C (2014) Internet addictive behavior in adolescence: a cross-sectional study in seven European countries. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 17:528–535. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2013.0382

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Winters KC, Stinchfield RD, Fulkerson J (1993) Toward the development of an adolescent gambling problem severity scale. J Gambl Stud 9:63–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01019925

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Young KS (1998) Internet addiction: the emergence of a new clinical disorder. Cyberpsychol Behav 1:237–244. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.1998.1.237

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Moreno MA, Jelenchick L, Cox E et al (2011) Problematic internet use among US youth: a systematic review. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 165:797–805

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Achenbach TM, Rescorla L (2001) ASEBA school-age forms and profiles

  68. Ivanova MY, Achenbach TM, Rescorla LA, Dumenci L et al (2007) The generalizability of the youth self-report syndrome structure in 23 societies. J Consult Clin Psychol 75:729–738. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.75.5.729

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Rescorla L, Achenbach TM, Ivanova MY, Dumenci L et al (2007) Epidemiological comparisons of problems and positive qualities reported by adolescents in 24 countries. J Consult Clin Psychol 75:351–358. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.75.2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Gupta R, Derevensky J (2014) Reflections on underage gambling. Respons Gambling Rev 1:37–50

    Google Scholar 

  71.  Olason DT, Kristjansdottir E, Eimasdottir H, Bjarnason G, Derevensky JL (2011) Intrenet gambling and problem gambling among 13 to 18 year old adolescents in Iceland. Int J Ment Health Addict 9:257–263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-010-9280-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Anagnostopoulos DC, Lazaratou H, Paleologou MP, Peppou LE, Economou M, Malliori M, Papadimitriou GN, Papageorgiou C (2017) Adolescent gambling in greater Athens area: a cross-sectional study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 52(11):1345–1351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-017-1431-8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. McBride J, Derevensky J (2012) Internet gambling and risk-taking among students: an exploratory study. J Behav Addict 1:50–58. https://doi.org/10.1556/JBA.1.2012.2.2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. James RJ, O’Malley C, Tunney RJ (2017) Understanding the psychology of mobile gambling: a behavioural synthesis. Br J Psychol 108(3):608–625

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Elton-Marshall T, Leatherdale ST, Turner NE (2016) An examination of internet and land-based gambling among adolescents in three Canadian provinces: results from the youth gambling survey (YGS). BMC Public Health 16:277

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Raisamo S, Lintonen T (2012) Misperceptions of peer gambling norms in adolescents: analysis of a national sample in Finland. Open J Prev Med 2:131–136. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpm.2012.22019

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Parker DA, Taylor RN, Eastabrook JM, Schell SL, Wood LM (2008) Problem gambling in adolescence: relationship with internet misuse, gaming abuse and emotional intelligence. Pers Indiv Differ 45:174–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.03.018

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Brezing C, Derevensky JL, Potenza MN (2010) Non-substance-addictive behaviors in youth: pathological gambling and problematic Internet use. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 19:625–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2010.03

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. González-Roz A, Fernández-Hermida JR, Weidberg S, Martínez-Loredo V, Secades-Villa R (2017) Prevalence of problem gambling among adolescents: a comparison across modes of access, gambling activities, and levels of severity. J Gambl Stud 33:371–382

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Huic A, Dodig Hundric D, Kranzelic V, Ricijas N (2017) Problem gambling among adolescent girls in Croatia—the role of different psychosocial predictors. Front Psychol 8:792. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00792

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  81. Ladouceur R, Dube D, Bujold A (1994) Prevalence of pathological gambling and related problems among college students in the Quebec metropolitan area. Can J Psychiatry 39(5):289–293

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Cheung NW (2015) Social strain, couple dynamics and gender differences in gambling problems: evidence from Chinese married couples. Addict Behav 41:175–184

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Hing N, Russell A, Tolchard B, Nower L (2016) Risk factors for gambling problems: an analysis by gender. J Gambl Stud 32:511–534. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-015-9548-8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Granero R, Penelo E, Stinchfield R, Fernandez-Aranda F, Savvidou LL, Fröberg F et al (2014) Is pathological gambling moderated by age? J Gambl Stud 30(2):475–492

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Magoon ME, Ingersoll GM (2006) Parental modeling, attachment, and supervision as moderators of adolescent gambling. J Gambl Stud 22(1):1–22

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Wickwire EM, Whelan JP, Meyrs AW, Murray DM (2007) Environmental correlates of gambling behavious in urban adolescents. J Abnorm Psych 35:179–190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-006-9065-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. McComb JL, Sabiston CM (2010) Family influences on adolescent gambling behavior: a review of the literature. J Gambl Stud 26:503–520. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-010-9181-5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Zhai ZW, Yip SW, Steinberg MA, Wampler J, Hoff RA, Krishnan-Sarin S, Potenza MN (2017) Relationships between perceived family gambling and peer gambling and adolescent problem gambling and binge-drinking. J Gambl Stud. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-017-9670-x

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  89. Sasson H, Mesch G (2014) Parental mediation, peer norms and risky online behavior among adolescents. Comput Hum Behav 33:32–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.12.025

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Wilber MK, Potenza ΜΝ (2006) Adolescent gambling research and clinical implications. Psychiatry (Edgmont) 3(10):40–48

    Google Scholar 

  91. Mesch GS (2009) Parental mediation, online activities, and cyberbullying. Cyberpsychol Behav 12:387–393. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2009.0068

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Mitchell KJ, Finkelhor D, Wolak J (2003) The exposure of youth to unwanted sexual material on the Internet: a national survey of risk, impact, and prevention. Youth Soc 34(3):330–358

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Wanner B, Vitaro F, Ladouceur R, Brendgen M, Tremblay RE (2006) Joint trajectories of gambling, alcohol and marijuana use during adolescence: a person- and variable-centered developmental approach. Addict Behav 31(4):566–580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.05.037

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Foster DW, Hoff RA, Pilver CE, Yau YH, Steinberg MA, Wampler J, Krishnan-Sarin S, Potenza MN (2015) Correlates of gambling on high-school grounds. Addict Behav 17(51):57–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.07.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Hardoon KK, Derevensky JL (2002) Child and adolescent gambling behavior current knowledge. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 7(2):263–281. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104502007002012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Ko CH, Yen JY, Liu SC, Huang CF, Yen CF (2009) The associations between aggressive behaviors and internet addiction and online activities in adolescents. J Adolesc Health 44(6):598–605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.11.011

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Martins SS, Liu W, Hedden SL, Goldweber A, Storr CL, Derevensky JL et al (2013) Youth aggressive/disruptive behavior trajectories and subsequent gambling among urban male youth. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 42:657–668. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2013.764827

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  98. Langhinrichsen-Rohling J, Rohde P, Seeley J, Rohling M (2004) Individual, family, and peer correlates of adolescent gambling. J Gambl Stud 20(1):23–46. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOGS.0000016702.69068.53

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Special thanks to all the participants of the European Network for Addictive Behavior study for their contribution to the design, supervision and sampling procedure.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Adolescent Health Unit, Second Department of Pediatrics, P. and A. Kyriakou Children’s Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Leoforos Mesogeion 24, 11527, Athens, Greece

    Elisabeth K. Andrie, Chara K. Tzavara, Eleni Tzavela & Artemis K. Tsitsika

  2. Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, 136, Sygrou Avenue, 17671, Athens, Greece

    Clive Richardson

  3. Department of Pediatrics School of Medicine, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA

    Donald Greydanus

  4. Second Department of Pediatrics, P. and A. Kyriakou Children’s Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon and Livadeias, 11527, Athens, Greece

    Maria Tsolia

Authors
  1. Elisabeth K. Andrie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Chara K. Tzavara
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Eleni Tzavela
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Clive Richardson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Donald Greydanus
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Maria Tsolia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Artemis K. Tsitsika
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Artemis K. Tsitsika.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Andrie, E.K., Tzavara, C.K., Tzavela, E. et al. Gambling involvement and problem gambling correlates among European adolescents: results from the European Network for Addictive Behavior study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 54, 1429–1441 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-019-01706-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-019-01706-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation